Gothic

Gothic - nyengo mu chitukuko cha akale luso European, yomwe inayamba mu 1140 mu Ile-de-France (Paris ndi madera ozungulira) ndi kupitiriza mpaka 1500-1550 zaka, kupereka njira kwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Izi bwino kwambiri akuwonetseredwa mu zomangamanga Gothic ndi galasi mazenera papezeka, komanso chosema, kupenta, murals, kuunikiridwa inalembedwa.

Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo olemekezeka kalembedwe - Notre Dame ku Paris (Notre-Dame de A Paris).

Ndipotu, mamangidwe a nthawi imeneyo zinali zotsatira za vuto ndi zomangamanga. Kodi kuphimba pamalo lalikulu pa okwera kwambiri ndi mwala? Ngakhale ambiri mipingo oyambirira Ages Middle anali kudenga yokutidwa ndi matabwa, nyumba zambiri zinali mwala theka-cylindrical anawasema (wozungulira Chipilala) kapena nthiti groin. Mipanda anamangidwira kwenikweni wandiweyani, chingathe kupirira kunja kuwukira, ndi mawindo ang'onoang'ono - ndi mbali kuti yodziwika kalembedwe Romanesque.

Gothic anayambitsa makamaka zomangamanga, ndi kumanga mu 1130 mu Abbey Mpingo wa St. Denis.

Zikomo ku mayesero nzeru mapulani, ndi 1110 a anayamba kufalitsa mpanda (pa zigawo zikuluzikulu), ntchito zambiri "mafoni" zinthu m'gulu la malo - mwachitsanzo, ananena zitsime zosambiramo, kuphatikizaponso anali motsutsana ndi zozungulira mbali zogwiriziza asapatsiridwe kuwalola mosavuta atengere m'mawindo a m'lifupi osiyana ndi kutalika. Komanso, dongosolo anayamba kupanga mwala ya nthiti kugawira kulemera kwa mzati ndi kubala pansi, mwala arches akhoza mogwirizana kukhala mbandakucha n'kakang'ono.

Makoma lotseguka anaika mawindo lalikulu. Mu 1170, ntchentche, chimene chiri chofunika kwambiri, zouluka buttresses anayamba kuoneka (akunja kusunga Chipilala, mtundu wa buttresses), mwamphamvu kugwirizana ndi zomangamanga Gothic. Zouluka buttresses dongosolo ali zigawo ziwiri izi: yaikulu ofukula chipika zomangamanga (thandizo) kuchokera panja pa nyumba ndi segmental gawo Chipilala kapena kuthetsa kusiyana thandizo ndi khoma.

Gothic kalembedwe kuti m'kagulu, mogwirizana ndi nthawi zitatu: oyambirira (kapena French Gothic), okhwima (kapena mkulu Gothic), ndipo kenako otchedwa "amoto" Gothic.

Dzina "Gothic" (kuchokera ku mawu Chitaliyana "Gothic" - zachilendo, osatukuka a zipolowe) anapatsidwa chikhalidwe mu nthawi ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano wamanga ndi theorist luso Dzhordzho Vazari. Motero, iye anasonyeza mwamwano kalembedwe, kuyerekeza ndi luso wakale. Inde, masiku ano a ziyenera nkani za Vasari kale palibe amakhala wogawanika, koma dzinali kukhazikika bwino, pang'onopang'ono naturalized, kutaya overtone negative. Mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano, Gothic luso ankatchedwa zambiri monga "kalembedwe German" - tanthauzo, nayenso anali ndi Vasari.

Kuyenera anazindikira kuti chifukwa cha ntchito Goethe odzipereka kwa zomangamanga German, kwenikweni kunaoneka ngati luso dziko, komanso mayiko ena. Izi zinasonyeza revaluation ndi kuzindikira luso akale.

Ndi kukula chidaliro mapulani kumpoto France, ndipo posakhalitsa ku Ulaya, mpikisano ngati wokalandira anagonjetsa misanje. Aliyense ya pa tchalitchi chatsopano, monga ulamuliro, ayenera kukhala apamwamba kuposa mamita angapo, kuposa akalambula ake.

Kutalika kwa mkati mwa tchalitchi mtsogoleri wa lingaliro wachikhristu - akuyembekezera kuchoka osangalala ochokera dziko lapansi kwa dziko wakumwamba.

zomangamanga Gothic akufotokozera mfundo. Chosema kwambiri womangidwa kwa izo, osachepera mu magawo oyambirira. Pa pamakoma a mipingo ikuluikulu, makamaka kuzungulira zipata, ife anapitiriza nsanje kwambiri, koma padziko iwo anakonza m'mizere a ziboliboli.

Apadera zinachitikira zomangamanga nakweza ndi wolemera othimbirira galasi mazenera, nthawi zina kuphimba kutalika lonse la nyumbayo. Chokongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi kuchokera m'Baibulo, biographies a oyera, zithunzi za aneneri ndi personages ena achipembedzo, papezeka-galasi mawindo anali ndi cholinga chachikulu mu maganizo a pa tchalitchi monga onena zachipatala pa chikhulupiriro cha Akhristu. M'zaka khumi ndi chitatu, mbali kuvomerezedwa ambiri tchalitchi ndi yaikulu window- "Rose", limene linali kufanizidwa pakati pa Mulungu, Iisus Hristos, Namwali Mariya atazungulira Cosmos.

M'zaka za m'ma 14 mochedwa, pokonzekera ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, Gothic anagula mbali ina yakale. Imodzi mwa oimira wamkulu wa nyengo imeneyi Simone Martini.

Pa zaka 400 chaka Gothic atagonjetsa mitundu yonse ya luso. Shamrocks, ananena zitsime zosambiramo, kuphatikizaponso ena zokongoletsa mapulani anaonekera pa metalwork ndi zombo mapemphero, manda, zovala chauzimu diptych wapatali, komanso Chalk yakale - mipando, mbale.