Mwachidule yonena Radischeva Aleksandra mbiri ya moyo, zilandiridwenso ndi mabuku

Dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev anatchuka kwambiri ngati wolemba luso ndi ndakatulo, koma pa ndime ndi kuti, iye anali nzeru zapamwamba ndipo unachitikira ku bwalo la malo abwino. Nkhani imeneyi ili ndi mwachidule mbiri Radishcheva (kwa kalasi 9, zimenezi kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri).

Childhood. Kusamukira ku Moscow

Alexander anali mwana wa mwinimunda wachuma Nicholas Afanasevicha Radishchev. Iye anabadwa mu chigawo Saratov, m'mudzi wa Upper Oblyazove mu 1749. atate wake anali munthu wa chikhalidwe, tenepo mbafuna anapatsa mwana wake ndi maphunziro kwambiri. Radishcheva mayi anali Thekla Savvichna. Iye anali mmodzi wa Moscow olemekezeka banja anzeru. dzina lake buthulo - Argamakova.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti makolo Radishcheva bwino ankachitira serfs awo, ndi kuphunzitsa mwana wake. Childhood Alexander Nikolayevich ankadutsa Oblyazove. Amadziwika kuti nyumba zawo anali munthu wolemera ndi lalikulu, panali nthawi zambiri anthu. Mu Radishchev anali azichemwali anayi ndi abale asanu, ana ofanana analankhulana ndi linga, iwo anathamangira iwo kudzera m'mudzi. Wophunzitsa Radishchev Zikuoneka komanso pamtunda dzina lake - Peter Mamontov. Radishchev mwachikondi ankakumbukira mmene Amalume anauza nthano.

Pamene iye anali ndi zaka 7, makolo ake anamutenga kuti Moscow. Pali anakhala kusamalira wachibale wa mayi. Pa ndime ndi ana phwandolo, iye anaphunzira pa yunivesite ndi mphunzitsi French. Iwo anali ku France, amene anathawira ku dziko lawo.

Kuika mnyamata zinali zachilendo. Anakapezeka nkhani za aphunzitsi kutsogolera mikangano serfdom, zomangamanga, maphunziro, bureaucracy. Alendo Argamakovyh anali osakhutira ndi boma la Elizabeth, ndi pansi Petro kumaliseche Chachitatu sizichitika M'malo mwake, chakukhosi anakula yekha. Lotero ros dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich.

Page Corps

Pamene iye anali ndi zaka 13, anadandaula kuti masamba. Sansao Mfumukazi Catherine II. Pakuti Radishcheva yaing'ono apembedzere achibale ake Argamakovy.

Mpaka 1764 Catherine ndi boma linali mu Moscow, kumene coronation chinachitika, ndipo kenako ndi wake ndi masamba, kuphatikizapo Radishchev anabwerera ku St. Petersburg.

Page Corps sanali "olemekezeka" bungwe zaka zimenezo. Anyamata onse ophunzitsidwa mphunzitsi mmodzi yekha - Morembert, amene anakakamizika kuwasonyeza kutumikira Mfumukazi pa mpirawo, mu zisudzo, mu sitima ya.

Mwachidule yonena Radishchev, malo ofunika kwambiri amene ine Mudzambweza bwino, sanali kufotokoza zimene zinachitikira mnyamata amene ku kukambirana mpweya kwambiri ndi zofuna anthu amadutsa mu khoti Lachitatu. Ndithudi, iye anali kale odzipereka chidani onse a nkhanza, mabodza, chinyengo, ndipo tsopano anaona zonse ndi maso anga, ndipo osati kulikonse, koma mu ulemerero onse a nyumba yachifumu.

Izo zinali mu Corps a Masamba Alexander anakumana ndi Kutuzov, amene adzakhala mnzake wapamtima kwa zaka zambiri. Ngakhale njira wawo potsirizira pake mogwirizana, mkulu sananene liwu limodzi zoipa za Radishchev. Mwachidule yonena za otsiriza - chitsimikiziro mwachindunji.

mu Leipzig

Patapita zaka ziwiri, atasamukira ku St. Petersburg Radischev pamodzi ndi anyamata asanu anam'tumiza Germany kuphunzira pa yunivesite. Catherine II ankafuna kukhala ophunzira loya anatumikira mu gawo milandu.

Pang'onopang'ono gulu lawo laling'ono unakula. Mwachitsanzo, mu Leipzig anabwera Fyodor Ushakov, wakale pa nthawi msilikali wamng'ono. Iye anasiya ntchito kwa chidziwitso yunivesite. Fedor ndinali wamkulu, ndipo mofulumira anakhala mtsogoleri wa gulu la anyamata.

Radishchev anakhala m'dziko lachilendo kwa zaka pafupifupi zisanu. nthawi yonseyi, iye anayesetsa ndi pafupifupi digirii dokotala, koma mabuku chidwi kwambiri. Mwachidule yonena Radishcheva umboni wake nascent German predromanticheskomu malangizo.

Dziko anadabwa kwambiri ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri nkhondo imene inatha posachedwapa, kotero anthu zachitika kwambiri maganizo maganizo, tikhoza kunena svobodomyslennyh, ngati woukira boma. Ndipo ophunzira Russian ali pa malo a zonsezo. Pamodzi, kuphunzira pa yunivesite ya Goethe, iwo anamvera nkhani akatswiri kwambiri Platner, amene anali wothandiza wa liberalism.

Mu Germany, anyamata moyo wabwino kwambiri, chifukwa mtsogoleri wawo Bocoum, anapereka Mfumukazi, anali despot woona ndi adyera. Iye anachotsa anyamata ndalama zonse anatumiza kuti zili. Ndiyeno ophunzira zoukira boma. chigamulochi anawasiya mmbali monga anamangidwa ndipo anatumizidwa ku mayesero. Koma Russian kazembe kulepheretsa.

Bocoum zipolopolo kwambiri kenako, monga asanachoke Radishcheva kunyumba.

kubwerera

Mwachidule yonena Radishcheva ananena kuti mu 1771 anadza kwa St. Petersburg pamodzi ndi Kutuzov ndi Rubanovskii. Achinyamata zonse ndichiyembekezo mtima, ankawaviika mwapang'onopang'ono zolinga chikhalidwe, akufuna kutumikira anthu ammudzi.

Zikuoneka kuti kwa zaka zambiri zimene anakhala Germany, Mfumukazi anaiwaliratu cholinga kutumiza masamba kunja. Radishcheva mtima kugwira ntchito mu Senate, chojambulira. Unachititsa mnyamatayo nyanja chisokonezo ndipo posakhalitsa anasiya utumiki.

Mu 1773 analowa likulu la General Bruce, kumene anaikidwa wozenga milandu usilikali. ntchito imeneyi ouziridwa Alexander Nikolayevich, koma iye anali ndi danga. Chifukwa kosangalatsa ndi erudition anakhala entree m'zipinda moyo mkulu anthu ndi olemba. Alexander konse kwa mphindi anaiwala za changu chake zolembalemba. Ngakhale yonena mwachidule Radishcheva sangathe chete za ntchito yake. Ndipo si koyenera.

njira zolembalemba

Kwa nthawi yoyamba Alexander anatembenukira kwa ntchito mabuku ngakhale Leipzig. Zinali Baibulo la timabuku andale ndi achipembedzo. Koma tsamba lake wachinyamata sanamalize, chifukwa "boma yotchedwa Gazette" lofalitsidwa wina, kupatula Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala ndimeyi.

Mu St. Petersburg, anakumana ndi wofalitsa magazini "zojambulajambula" Novikov. Posakhalitsa anaonekera nkhani lotchedwa "The Ndime ya Travel", koma inasindikizidwa mosadziwika. Mwachidule yonena Radishchev, chinthu chofunika kwambiri - zonse padziko, umboni ndi chakuti wolemba pafupifupi konse anatchula dzina lake pa mankhwala.

Mu "Chidutswa" izo bwino lomwe limasonyeza moyo wa dziko m'mudzi, ndi zochitika zake zonse zakuda. Kumene, boma pamwamba sanagwirizane nazo, ndi nzika adakhumudwa. Koma ngakhale wolemba kapena wofalitsa si mantha. Ndipo posachedwa, mu magazini chomwecho inalemba nkhani "English Yendani", amene amateteza magazini m'mbuyomu. Ndiyeno kupitiriza "Nunsu".

Kwenikweni, ndi buku limeneli ndipo anayamba ntchito zomvetsa chisoni Radishchev.

Alexander ambiri chinkhoswe mu Mabaibulo, amenenso lofalitsidwa Novikov. Malinga ndi dongosolo la Catherine buku linamasuliridwa kuti, "Poganizira mbiri Greek" Mably. Koma mapeto ake anasiya zosonyeza wake, potero kulowa mu kuimba ndi wolemba, komanso matanthauzo angapo (kuphatikizapo mawu akuti "ufumu").

Mu 1789 anapita kwa buku la "The Life Ushakov", omwe akweza phokoso lambiri. Iye kachiwiri linasindikizidwa mosadziwika, koma palibe amene ankakayikira analembedwa Radishchev. Onse anaona kuti m'buku mawu yambiri yoopsa ndi malingaliro. Komabe, akuluakulu anyalanyaza njira wake, kuti anali chizindikiro kwa wolemba zochitika zina.

Mwachidule yonena Radishcheva kwa kalasi 9 si wosangalatsa, koma ananena kuti ntchito ya munthu uyu anali osakhutira akuluakulu osati komanso mamembala a Russian Academy, ndi olemekezeka ambiri.

Radishchev sanali kukhadzikika. Iye ankafuna ena zochita kwakukulu. Choncho ndinayamba kuwonekera Society Mabwenzi a philology, zimene zinaphatikizapo olemba ochuluka, komanso oyendetsa ndi alonda. Ndipo iye njira yake: anamvera zokamba.

Society wakhala magazini "Sipikala wa nzika" imene lofalitsidwa ntchito, zinapatsira Radishchevskaya malingaliro. Palinso nkhani ndi nzeru zapamwamba yekha, ngati mawu propaganda ( "The kukambirana kuti ndi mwana wa Dziko Lathu). Mwa njira, iye anali kuyesa kwambiri kuti iye anatumizidwira kuti kusindikiza. Ngakhale anthu ake kumvetsetsa mmene n'koopsa.

Wolemba, izo zinkawoneka, sanali zindikirani, monga Mitambo kusonkhanitsa pa iye. Koma momveka bwino mbiri. Radischev dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich, amene ntchito amam'tumikira wosakoma utumiki, anabwera pansi pa diso la akuluakulu. Mafuta moto anatsanulira buku lake lotsatira.

"Ulendo ku St. Petersburg ku Moscow"

Mwachidule yonena Radishcheva lili zodabwitsa mfundo imodzi. ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri kufufuza mayeso zapita popanda mavuto. Zingatanthauze kuti zimenezi sizingatheke, koma izo zinali. Chinthu ndi mkulu wa apolisi Jasitisi wopembedza monga aulesi kwambiri kuliwerenga. Powona mutu ndi mitu ya nkhani, izo anaganiza kuti kuchita zimenezi ndi kalozera. bukuli anafalitsa ntchito yosindikiza kunyumba ya mwini, kotero nkhani zake, palibe akudziwa.

chiwembu ndi wosavuta. wapaulendo A kupita ku mudzi wina ndi mzake, ndi kudutsa m'midzi, anafotokoza zimene anaona. bukuli ndi wotsutsa amapilira wa mphamvu autocratic, nkhani za anthu wamba oponderezedwa ndi landlords akuwakonda.

Okwana makope mazana asanu anasindikizidwa, koma anagulitsa ndangotsala twente-faifi. Long kuyenda kwa owerenga wogulitsa amene ndikufuna kutenga m'manja mwa kope chosintha.

Kumene, monga mankhwala sanapeze yankho aliyense owerenga, kapena osankhika akulamulira. Mfumukazi ya wolemba poyerekeza ndi Pugachev, ndipo anapambana kufanana ndi wopanduka.

Panali kuwonjezera maulamuliro ndi munthu wina sangasangalale ntchito Radishchev. Mwachitsanzo, Pushkin ananena za buku ndi ozizira kwambiri, poona kuti anali "mediocre buku" kwalembedwa "woipitsitsawu syllable."

Kumangidwa ndi ukapolo

Mkulu wa Catherine II Radishchev anagwidwa. Zinali June 30, 1790. Malinga ndi zikalata zofunikira, chifukwa m'ndende anali mlembi ndi "Travel". Koma, monga Mfumukazi anadziwiratu kalekale za chikhalidwe cha malingaliro ndi ntchito za nzika, kuti choncho akhala chosanganizidwa ndi wake ntchito zina m'mabuku.

Chifukwa cha kugwirizana ndi manyazi izo anali omwazikana mwa Society Mabwenzi. Investigation analangiza mutu wa Stepan Sheshkovsky apolisi, amene anali wakupha munthu Mfumukazi. Izi mwanjira anaphunzira dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev. Short yonena (9-graders nkhani imeneyi mu maphunziro kusukulu) limasonyeza kuti makope otsala a buku adaonongedwa ndi wolemba, amene kwenikweni mantha.

Radishchev anamangidwa Petro ndi Paulo Linga. Adapulumuka mtengo zoopsa chabe chifukwa mlongo mkazi wake yatengedwa wakupha ake onse zodzikongoletsera. Pamene "wopanduka" anazindikira kuti oopsa masewero umene anali nawo, anagwidwa mantha. Pamwamba pake pangozi ya imfa pa banja lake - kuwasindikiza oukira. Ndiye Radishchev anayamba kulemba makalata a kulapa, ngakhale wodzipereka kwambiri.

Kuyambira wolemba adafunafuna njira dzina maina a abwenzi ocheza nawo. Koma Radishchev sananene dzina limodzi. Malinga ndi zotsatira za bwalo pa 24 July anaweruzidwa kuti azifa. Koma ngati wolemba anali wa m'banja lachifumu, chikufunika kuvomereza mabungwe a boma. Radishchev izo anadikira mpaka 19 August. Koma pazifukwa zina aphedwe, kulephereka ndi September 4 Ekaterina m'malo atapachikidwa ukapolo ku Siberia.

Information za zaka khumi iye anakhala m'ndende Ilmen, kodi kubwezeretsanso mbiri yake mwachidule. Alexander Radishchev, olemba, abwenzi amene atembenuka ku ukapolo, kumeneko kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi chokha. Mu 1796, Mfumu Paulo, amadziwika atasemphana maganizo ndi mayi ake, anamasulidwa wolemba. Ndipo mu 1801 anali amnestied.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

Alexander Ndinaitana Mlembi St. Petersburg ndipo anamuika kukhala malo a Commission pa drafting malamulo.

Pambuyo ukapolo Radishchev linalembedwa ndi ndakatulo ochepa, koma sanalandire chimwemwe literatorstva. Zinali zovuta kuchotsa ufulu wamaganizo. Ndiponso, moyo Siberia kwambiri kuchichepetsa thanzi lake, iye sanalinso achinyamata komanso wosasangalala. Mwina mfundo zonse za izi kukhonda wolemba kuthawa moyo.

Mwachidule yonena Radishcheva kakunena kuti pali awiri Mabaibulo a imfa yake. Woyamba chikugwirizana ndi ntchito. Pamaso chabe anati akufuna kuti atchule malamulo mwakufuna ufulu wa nzika, ndipo tcheyamani anam'dzudzula mwamphamvu kuopseza kuti Siberia. Alexander anatenga mtima ndi poizoni.

Baibulo yachiwiri ndi yakuti iye molakwika kumwa chikho cha Aqua regia nafa pamaso pa mwana wake. Koma zikalata maliro, imfa lachibadwa m'gulu chifukwa cha imfa.

Lero manda wolemba wakhala sanapulumuke.

Tsogolo la cholowa zolembalemba

Mpaka wolemba mzaka zana makumi awiri mabuku sanapezeke. Iye ankadziwika monga wokhala ( "m'bale") Penza dera - Radishchev. Wolemba, Wambiri (yochepa nkhaniyo, koma lapadera) zomwe zinali zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri, anali kuyamikira anthu a m'nthawi yake. mabuku ake onse unatenthedwa. Only mu 1888, magazini yaing'ono linatulutsidwa mu Russia "Travel". Ndipo kale mu 1907 - chopereka cha ntchito za novelist ndi ndakatulo.

banja

Wolemba wakwatiwa kawiri. Ndi mkazi wake woyamba Anna Rubanovskii anali ndi ana anayi. Koma mkaziyo nayenso anamwalira akubereka otsiriza mwana Paulo. Yang'anani ana opanda amayi anavomera Mlongo Anne Catherine.

Zinali iye amene anali mkazi wachiwiri wa Radishchev kumutsatira ku ukapolo. ana atatu zambiri anabadwa mu banja lawo. Pobwerera ku St. Petersburg Catherine anadwala n'kumwalira. Izi chisoni imfa ya ana onse ndi Radishchev.

Mwachidule mbiri ndi ntchito ya wolemba moona kwambiri. Ngakhale zinthu zonse za moyo wake, Iye sandisiya maganizo awo mpaka mpweya wanga wotsiriza. Izi anaonetsera mphamvu ya mzimu wa munthu!