Salavat Yulaev: yonena za ngwazi za (lalifupi)

Dzina Salavat Yulaev - chimodzi mwa zizindikiro otchuka Bashkortostan. Izi ngwazi yadziko wakhala yosonyeza kulimbana ufulu ndi imodzi mwa umunthu kwambiri a wamba nkhondo kutsogoleredwa ndi Pugachev.

banja

Mu 1754 Salavat Yulaev anabadwa mu chigawo Orenburg. Wambiri mwa munthu zogwirizana kumudzi kwawo Tekeeva. Nthawi yathu kuti malo amenewa sanali bwino chifukwa chakuti anawonongedwa pa Pugachevshchina asilikali a Catherine II.

Salavat kubanja wotchuka, amene mamembala wotanganidwa maudindo osiyanasiyana kasamalidwe (mwachitsanzo, Tarhan), komanso nawo zipolowe yapita ndi akuluakulu a Russian.

Bambo a mwanayo anali Yulai Aznalin. Iye anapanga ntchito zabwino asilikali. Iye anatumikira monga kapitawo ndipo anapita Poland, kumene anali kumenyana mu Bar Chitaganya, amene sindimakonda kuthamanga Russian pa Rzeczpospolita. Mu 1766 Yulai anabwerera kwawo ndipo analimbikitsidwa kuti parishi anga. Iye anali ndi udindo chifukwa chosafuna kuti mu Tambasula zofunika za yopita ku Siberia.

Bashkirs nkhondo ndi akuluakulu

The Salavat banja wopanda nkhondo ndi maulamuliro ndi yamtendere. Choncho, atate wake yaitali anachonderera eni m'dera la mafakitale, amene anachotsa m'dziko la Bashkirs yosavuta. M'zaka za m'ma XVIII ndi Ural ali Pokopeka zosiyanasiyana mafakitale, kumanga mabizinesi awo ndi chilolezo cha boma. Kumathandiza Simsk ndi kukwera-Ivanovsky mafakitale anayesa kumana anthu kumeneko kwa dziko lawo. Ndiye Yulai anapita kwa kazembe, koma analephera kuteteza m'dzikolo. Ndi akhoti chipani kutaya alipire 600 rubles. Nthawi amenewa sanali bwino ndi pakati Russian ndi Bashkir.

Atate konse katswiri kuwerenga ndi kulemba, koma ankadziwa kufunika kwake. Choncho, ananena kuti mwana wake zinenero ndi aphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba. Salavat anaukitsa kum'konda ndi Mama ndi kudzipereka kwa anthu ake. Pa nthawi yomweyo lamulo wabwino wa Russian chinenero Bashkir, umene uli wofunika makamaka kwa iye kenako, pamene anathira mogwirizana ndi Cossacks.

Uthenga wa kuwukira Pugachev

Mu 1772, dera Volga ndi Urals akhala mphekesera zoti zakale Mfumu Peter III anapulumuka pambuyo m'ndende yaitali ndipo amatenga m'magulumagulu kuti ayambenso wachifumu. Munthu ameneyo anali makamaka Emelyan Pugachev - wothawa Don Cossack adventurer. History of Russia ankadziwa zambiri imposters. Mwachitsanzo, mu Nthawi ya Mavuto dziko anasefukira akuba amene anadzitcha Tsarevich wotchedwa Dmitry - mwana wa Ivana Groznogo. Woyamba wa iwo anatha kugwila Moscow (ngakhale popanda thandizo la ndalama Polish ndi asilikali). Onyenga wotchedwa Dmitry ena sikudali kutero mwayi.

Pugachev komanso kungoganizira ndi "kuvomereza." Mu 70s ndi mu Urals ndi dera Volga maturely kusakhutira ndi akuluakulu. Ndipo nawagawira mwa strata osiyana siyana. Serfs sanafune kupirira analibe mphamvu poyerekezera ndi anthu olemekezeka, amene akanatha kuwagwiritsa ntchito monga expendable. Komanso, akapolo sankaloledwa kudandaula kwa eni, yemwe anatsimikizira ngakhale mwa lamulo - Catherine wapadera lamulo.

Pofuna kukhala ndi makampani mu Urals ndi, tinkafunika anthu oti. Choncho, atatsala pang'ono Pugachev inaika lamulo malinga ndi zomwe Nyumbayi tsopano anali kugwira ntchito osati pa mwininyumba nthaka, komanso kumanga fakitale. Iwo amatchedwanso Gornozavodsk wamba.

Anali wokhu- dziko ing'onoing'ono amene zokonda ndi kukanakhala kumuphwanyira pa mokomera industrialists. Salavat Yulayev, amene yonena kumatithandiza kuzindikira kuti nawonso kugwa pansi kulongosola, anali m'gulu la anthu amene sanafune kupirira boma la zochitika.

Pomaliza, Pugachev anadalira Cossacks. Mosiyana wamba, iwo anali kwenikweni lankhondo. moyo wawo wonse anathera pa nkhondo kapena ntchito pa malire. Zinali ndi Cossacks Pugachev anayamba ndawala asilikali kupokanyisana na boma. Mu September 1773 iye anazungulira Orenburg - waukulu kwambiri m'chigawo.

Salavat akulowa opandukawo

Yulai Aznalin m'malo a kazembe anasonkhanitsa detachment wa amuna zikwi, kuukira opanduka. Iwo ankapita ndi Salavat Yulaev (iye anali 19). yonena ake amanena kuti mnyamatayo sanadziwe ndi zimene nkhondo, ngakhale ngati mwana anali ndi luso lokwanira kuti munthu akhale wodziwa. Pa njira kuti Orenburg anaganiza kuti tipite ku mbali ya Pugachev. Panthawi imeneyi Peter III ankati anatsogolera kampeni yogwira. Mu udzatha wake anawauza chisalungamo uchinyat olemekezeka ndi industrialists. apamwamba oterowo kwenikweni. Pugachev anasamukira osati Salavat Yulayev ndi chipani chake, komanso bambo ake. Iye anadza mwana wake m'masiku otsiriza a 1773.

brigadier Pugacheva

opindulitsa kwambiri yonena Salavat Yulaev ndi chiyani? Mwachidule kampeni limene nawo (ndewu chaka zonse), dzina lake wosafa, ngakhale wokulirapo moyo wake wonse anakhala mu ukapolo. Pa womdziwa woyamba ndi Pugachev Bashkirs anafotokoza mtsogoleri. Iye anali mmodzi wa alangizi waukulu "wa mfumu" ndipo anatsogolera ntchito ya usilikali.

Total Salavat Yulaev mbiri akufotokoza nkhani zambirimbiri nkhondo. Ambiri a iwo anachitika Urals. Mwachitsanzo, anamasula Katavsky ndi Simsk zomera, chifukwa cha zomwe bambo ake anali litigation ndi akuluakulu. Kodi chiwembu kunali pacimake, ngati anthu wamba anamuda landlords ndi industrialists.

Salavat anapambana ambiri a nkhondo. Komabe, ngakhale mu nkhani ya kugonjetsedwa, iye anatha kuchepetsa imfa. Iye anali wokhoza mu nthawi kutapa asilikali mwamphamvu kuti kanthu nsembe miyoyo ya comrades awo. Izi ndi nkhani yonena za Salavat Yulayev. A nkhondo mwachidule anamuphunzitsa machenjerero. Iye ankadziwa kuti agwiritse ntchito kuti anapatsa lamapiri mtunda wa Urals.

Chimodzi mwa kupambana chachikulu chinali adani a mkulu wa mzinda Kungur, kenako analandira udindo wa brigadier kapena ambiri. Pugachev kwambiri anayamikira. Koma mtsogoleri posachedwa analandidwa pambuyo akuvutika kulephera angapo pa asilikali a boma. Ndiye Bashkirs anatsimikiza osaleka ndi kupitiriza kugalukira m'dziko lake. Kulimbana ndi nkhani yonena mwachidule Salavat Yulayev. Khamu zofunika kwambiri Mfumukazi panthawiyo anali m'dera Volga. Army anayenera kubweretsa nkhokwe kukunda opandukawo. Za mtima ndi kulimba Bashkir akuti mbiri iliyonse Salavat Yulaev mu Russian.

Kugonjetsedwa ndi ukapolo

Kumapeto kwa November 1774 asilikali a boma anakwanitsa lidzakudzidzimutseni Tingaube wofooka, kutsogozedwa ndi Salavat Yulaev. Wambiri ya ngwazi anena kuti moyo wake anatenga Poyankha wina kwambiri. Iye anamangidwa ndipo anali pansi kufufuza. Si kale Salavat banja anagwidwa ndi Kutsekeledwa ukapolo. Yulai Aznalin komanso kutsanzika, poganiza kuti apulumutse mwana wake. Kugonjetsedwa kwa Bashkir kupanduka pa msewu Siberia anali mmodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa otsiriza a wamba nkhondo, ngakhale matumba ake akutali anapitiriza kusunga mpaka chilimwe cha 1775.

Choyamba, bambo ndi mwana anaweruzidwira ku chilango chikwapu ndi kutentha. Mu October 1775 iwo anatumizidwa ku ukapolo wosatha. Place ukapolo anakhala Baltic linga Rogervik mu Estonia ano. Akaidi anawabweretsa sitima kudutsa dziko, kuphatikizapo kupyolera Moscow.

Pa malo atsopano okhala anakhala masiku onse a moyo wake Salavat Yulaev. Wambiri ya ngwazi ndi nkhani ya nkhondo pa moyo wa wandende ankadziwika Bashkirs onse amene anali kukumbukira za iye folklore awo. Yulaev m'ndendemo zaka 25 ndipo anamwalira mu 1800, wachinyamata (zaka 46). Za moyo wake mu ntchito yokakamiza pafupifupi kanthu amadziwika. atate wake Yulai Aznalin anafa kale mu 1797.

Bashkir ndakatulo

Nkhani kudziwika talente wina amene anali Salavat Yulaev. Wambiri (mwachidule amatiuza za izo ngati n'kotheka, koma kutchula Pankhaniyi pa zoyenereza za munthu chithe), ngwazi anena kuti si mlendo kwa iye anali makalasi ndakatulo. Ambiri mwa ndakatulo zoyenera dziko lakwawo, anthu, miyambo ndi chikhulupiriro cha makolo awo. Yulaev analemba mu chinenero Bashkir, chotero akadali ndi malemba wapatali ndipo ngati chipilala chinenero. Iye akutchedwa analembedwa ndi wowerengeka nyimbo zingapo.

Kukumbukira ngwazi za

Today Salavat Yulayev, amene yonena amadziwika kuti nzika iliyonse Bashkortostan, ndi ngwazi yadziko ndi chizindikiro cha dziko. Ulemu wake dzina lake misewu, okhala ndi matauni, maboti ndi zina zotero. D. M'mizinda yambiri muli zipilala Yulaev. mawonekedwe ake kumaonekera mabuku, nyimbo (za zisudzo ambiri ndipo ena ntchito maphunziro), ndi mafilimu a kanema.

Ndi dzina lake pambuyo ngwazi otchuka mu lonse Russian umodzi club Ufa - likulu la Bashkiria. Ethnographers ndi mbiri yakale kupitiriza kulemba monograph, nkhani ya amene ali Salavat Yulaev. Wambiri (lalifupi nkhani za chithunzi yakale imeneyi amapezeka pa buku pa mbiriyakale ya dziko, ndi Bashkortostan kudzipereka kwa iye maphunziro ena) Munthu uyu ayenera linaperekedwa kwa phunziro ake kugunda kochepa chidwi.