Mitundu matanthauzo lexical mawu m'chilankhulo cha Russian

M'nkhaniyi tiona mitundu matanthauzo lexical mawu ndi kupereka gulu awo otchuka analengedwa ndi V. V. Vinogradovym.

Kodi tanthauzo lexical?

Monga tikudziwa, pali mau awiri kutanthauza - kalembedwe ndi lexical. Ndipo ngati tanthauzo kalembedwe ndi umboni ndi chibadidwe ambiri mawu, ndi lexical nthawi payekha.

tanthauzo Lexical amatchedwa anakonza maganizo a relatedness chinenero TV zinthu kapena zochitika zenizeni ndi wina mayunitsi phokoso la chinenero zovuta. Kuti ndi tanthauzo lexical akutanthauza zimene, khalidwe la mawu enaake.

Tikambirana, pa maziko amene mitundu secrete matanthauzo lexical mawu. Ndiyeno tiganizirane wina wa classifications otchuka.

Mitundu matanthauzo lexical

Zamalankhulidwe malumikizanidwe mawu osiyanasiyana a chinenero cha Chirasha zimathandiza kudziwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphatso. Pakali pano, pali systematisations ambiri mfundo zimenezi. Koma amaona gulu yonse bungwe V. V. Vinogradovym m'nkhani lake lotchedwa "The Mitundu matanthauzo lexical mawu." kufanizitsa Izi ife tisanthule zina.

malinga ndi malumikizanidwe ndi

Pa nomination (kapena malumikizanidwe) anaganiza kuonetsetsa makhalidwe awiri zizindikiro - weniweni ndi wophiphiritsa.

mtengo Direct, umatchedwanso waukulu kapena zikuluzikulu - ndi mtengo umene umawalitsira chodabwitsa cha chowonadi, dziko lenileni. Mwachitsanzo: mawu akuti "tebulo" amatanthauza chidutswa cha mipando; "Black" ndi mpweya wakuda ndi mtundu; "Wiritsani" amatanthauza kuwira, kuwiritsa, asanduke nthunzi ndi magetsi. manenedwe Ichi ndi okhazikika ndi nkhani yokhayo kusintha mbiri. Mwachitsanzo: "tebulo" Kale amatanthauza "ulamuliro", "mpando" ndi "likulu."

Mitundu matanthauzo lexical nthawi ogaŵikana ang'onoang'ono, zomwe ife akhala pa mfundo iyi, kulankhula za mphamvu weniweni ndi wophiphiritsa.

Tikaonanso mutu waukulu, mungathe kuwonjezera kuti mawu m'lingaliro lenileni ndi osakwana ena, malinga ndi nkhani ndi mawu ena. Choncho ankaona kuti makhalidwe amenewa ndi kugwirizana wotsikitsitsa syntagmatic ambiri paradigmatic zowongolera.

kunyamulika

Mitundu matanthauzo lexical mawu akhala allocated pa maziko a chinenero moyo Russian, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito chinenero masewera, limene mbali ndi mawu mophiphiritsa.

makhalidwe amenewa ndi chifukwa kusamutsa dzina la chinthu chimodzi kuti mfundo ina pa maziko a makhalidwe a ntchito kufanana generality ndi zina zotero.

Choncho mawu amene wakwanitsa ndi makhalidwe angapo. Mwachitsanzo: "tebulo" - 1) limatanthauza "chidutswa cha zida" - "makina tebulo"; 2) m'lingaliro "mphamvu" - "chipinda ndi tebulo"; 3) m'lingaliro "kulekana mu kukhazikitsidwa" - ". Roundtable"

Amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo kunyamula monga mawu "zo": 1) tanthauzo la "oonetsa digiri yapamwamba ya" - "sagona"; 2) kwambiri kuwonetsera kutengeka - "wiritsani ndi mkwiyo."

mfundo kunyamula zochokera njira mwa mfundo ziwiri mothandizidwa zosiyanasiyana magulu omwe anamvetsa mosavuta kuchigwiritsa ntchito. Nthawi zambiri makhalidwe mozungulira ndi zithunzi zazikulu: malingaliro wakuda wiritsani ndi mkwiyo. Izi mawu ophiphiritsa mofulumira anakonza lilime, kenako amagwa otanthauzira lapansi.

Zam'manja mfundo zithunzi woima yodziwika ndi kukhazikika awo ndipo reproducibility la mafanizo a, anatulukira ndi olemba, olemba ndakatulo ndi publicists, monga yotsirizira ndi mosamalitsa munthu.

Komabe, nthawi zambiri kunyamula mfundo kutaya zithunzi zawo kwa kuchigwiritsa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, "amangomvera shuga", "chitoliro unakhota", "chime" salinso amaona ma zosangalatsa. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa zithunzi zinatha.

Mitundu matanthauzo lexical mawu ndi chiyambi

Malinga mlingo wa zamalankhulidwe motivirovatsii (kapena chiyambi) allocated:

• Chinachititsa Image (sekondale kapena ofanana nawo) - lachokera ku mfundo derivational affixes slovoproizvodnoy m'munsi.
• Unmotivated mawu (yaikulu kapena osakhala otumphukira) - iwo Musati muzidalira pa mtengo wa morphemes a m'gulu la zikuchokera mawu.

Mwachitsanzo: unmotivated kuti ndi liwu lakuti "kumanga", "tebulo", "woyera". Pakuti chinachititsa - "nyumba", "tebulo", "amabisa" pakuti mawu awa inakhazikitsidwa ndi unmotivated, kuwonjezera, mawu ali magwero kwenikweni kuthandiza kumvetsa tanthauzo la zizindikiro utangoyamba kumene. Kuti ndi "amabisa" linachokera ku "woyera" kumatanthauza "woyera."

Koma si zonse ndi mophweka, ndi kuganiza zina mawu si nthawi zonse momveka kumaonekera, monga chinenero kusintha, ndipo sizingatheke kupeza muzu mbiri ya mawu. Komabe, ngati mumathera kusanthula etymological, nthawi zambiri n'zotheka kupeza kugwirizana pakati pa wakale, mawu mwakuwoneka ndithu yosiyana ndi tanthauzo awo. Mwachitsanzo, timaphunzira pambuyo kusanthula etymological mawu "phwando", "mafuta", "nsalu", "zenera", "mtambo 'anatsika kuchokera" kumwa "kuti" moyo "," kupindika "," diso "," kukoka " ankalemekeza. Choncho Sizotheka kuti layman kwa nthawi yoyamba kusiyanitsa mawu kuchokera unmotivated kusiya.

Mitundu matanthauzo lexical mawu pa ngakhale

Malinga ngakhale lexical tanthauzo la mawu angathe kugawidwa:

• Free - kulemerako okha nkhani zomveka kugwirizana. Mwachitsanzo: "Imwani" akhoza pamodzi okha ndi mawu osonyeza madzi (tiyi, madzi, chakumwa chamandimu, etc.), Koma icho sichingakhoze kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mawu "athamangadi" mtundu "kukongola", "usiku". Motero, kuphatikiza mawu amenewa malamulo phunziro ngakhale kapena zosagwirizana mwa mfundo akuimira. Ndi, "ufulu" kuti ngakhale mawu amenewa ali m'malo ochiritsira.
• Non-free - mwayi mawu awa okha lexical pamodzi. ntchito zawo kulankhula zimadalira nkhani zomveka chinthu, ndi chinenero. Mwachitsanzo: mawu "kugwa" akhoza pamodzi ndi mawu akuti "maso", "tione", "Maso", pamene mawu sangakhoze chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi zizindikiro zina - samanena kuti "kugwa pansi."

Non-free mitundu matanthauzo lexical mawu mu Russian:

• Phraseology zokhudzana - anagulitsa mwapadera mu khola (kapena idiomatic) kuphatikiza. Mwachitsanzo: mdani analumbira - osati ntchito bwenzi analumbira, pokhapokha ndi wolemba chinenero masewera.
• Syntactically wabwino - anagulitsa pokha pokha anthu pamene mawu amakakamizidwa kuchita ndi ntchito zachilendo kwa iye. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "chipewa", "thundu", "fufuzani" ndi predicates pofotokoza ngati posachedwapa, yosamveka, bungler, chifundo, kusowa kanthu. Kukwaniritsa udindo umenewu, mawu zonse kamakhala n'chinthu chofunikira zithunzi ndi matanthauzo ophiphiritsa mtundu.

Mfundo syntactically wabwino ndi anthu dongosolo lexical, sipangakhalenso anazindikira okha zinthu zina syntactic. Mwachitsanzo: "mmene kanyamaka" umapeza tanthauzo lophiphiritsira kokha mu mawonekedwe a mtundu wa. N -. "kamvuluvulu zochitika."

mu ntchito

Mitundu amanyamula lexical tanthauzo la mawu akhoza allocated malingana ndi chikhalidwe cha ntchito anachita:

• Nominative - dzina amachokera ku mawu oti "nomination" ndipo amatanthauza anangotchula zinthu, zochitika ndi makhalidwe awo.
• Limaonetseratu-zamalankhulidwe - mawu awa amakhala lalikulu connotative seme (mumtima Akuti).

Mwachitsanzo nominative mawu: "wamtali munthu" - mawuwa imatiuza womverayo kuti munthu amene khalidwe la kukula mkulu.

CHITSANZO zamalankhulidwe mawu limaonetseratu ngati mofanana tafotokozazi, mawu akuti "mkulu" m'malo mwa "munthu wamtali" - kuti mudziwe anawonjezera kuti mkulu kukula disapproving, zoipa aziona kukula. Choncho, mawu akuti "lanky" limaonetseratu n'chimodzimodzi ndi mawu akuti "mkulu".

Kulumikizana chikhalidwe

Mitundu matanthauzo lexical mawu Russian, malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha ubale mu dongosolo lexical ya mtengo wina ndi ena:

• Correlative mtengo - mawu, zimatsutsana pa malo ena aliwonse: zabwino - zoipa, kutali - pafupi.
• Kuima-yekha mtengo - mawu ndi ufulu zinthu zenizeni: mpando, duwa zisudzo.
• Deterministic mfundo - mawu chifukwa cha phindu la mawu ena, chifukwa iwo zimasonyeza ndi stylistic mitundu ya mawu "kuthyolako" chifukwa mawu akuti "kavalo", "wokongola", "zazikulu" - "zabwino".

anapezazo

Choncho, ife kutchulidwa mitundu matanthauzo lexical mawu. Mwachidule monga mbali zotsatirazi kuti lyagla maziko a gulu operekedwa ndi ife:

• Nkhani cilamulo kulankhulana mawu kapena asapita paradigmatic.
• ubwenzi Syntagmatic kapena ubale wa mawu kwa wina ndi mzake.
• Zithunzi kapena zizindikiro derivational kugwirizana.

Pophunzira gulu la matanthauzo lexical, tingathe kumvetsa bwino kapangidwe zamalankhulidwe mawu mwatsatanetsatane kumvetsa maubwenzi zokhudza zonse zimene zakhazikitsidwa mu lotanthauzira mawu a chinenero chamakono.