Mfumu Trajan: mwachidule mbiri, chidwi mfundo, zithunzi

Pansi Trajan, amene analamulira zaka 98-117., Aroma anafika pachimake. Mfumu imeneyi anali nkhondo zingapo bwino ndi anansi ake, ukugwira ntchito yomanga mizinda ndi kulamulira kwa m'mayiko ena. Iye anatha kupeza chinenero zigawo zonse za anthu Roma, kotero kuti ufumu m'zaka ziwiri zapitazi watumikira bata ndi kutukuka.

magwero

Mfumu tsogolo Trajan anabadwa pa September 18, 53 mu mzinda wa Italica, m'chigawo Baetica. Today m'dera limeneli la Spain. Kale izo kwachititsa mitundu yonse ya atsamunda. Malo amene mfumu Trajan unali mutu wa mkangano kowawa pakati Rome ndi Carthage. banja mnyamatayo anabwera kwa asilikali omwe, pamene lachiwiri Punic nkhondo ku Italy anathamangitsidwa m'dzikomo wotchuka Scipio. Poyamba, makolo anachokera Trajan Umbrian tawuni Tudera. Motero, mfumu yoyamba ya Roma, amene anachokera mtundu wa kolonistskogo amene lakwaniritsa bwino yodziwika m'chigawo lakutali.

bambo Trajan achibadwa kazembe wa Suriya. Amadziwika kuti 76, Kaisara zakutsogolo kumeneko usilikali. Pamene ufumu analimbikitsa anagalukira wa Saturninus, iye anali mkulu wa Legiyo, ndipo anatenga nawo mbali kupondereza kupanduka. Chopereka ake kugonjetsa mavuto Traian 91, anakhala kazembe. Pa 97th iye analengedwera mkulu wa asilikali ku Upper Germany, kumene kunali nkhondo zonse ndi akunjawo lapansi.

wolowa Yovutitsa

Kuloŵedwa Trajan pa mpando wachifumu, Mfumu Nerva, wachilamulo mwa kuphunzitsa, anabwera ndi dongosolo la ndale, chuma cha boma Aroma kwa zaka zina. Pamaso pa mphamvu ya City Wamuyaya chitaperekedwa kwa atate mwana, koma mfundo imeneyi amakhala ndi khalidwe ambiri, chifukwa chimene nthawi zonse zinachitika Alonda ndipo Army kugalukira. Mitsempha ankatanthauza kuti zimene mfumu nkoyenera yoikidwa m'malo ake, malinga ndi makhalidwe ake laumwini ndi zoyenereza. Pankhaniyi, wolowa angakhale wachibale wa kazembe. Pofuna kuti kulanda mpando wachifumu yovomerezeka m'malo Nerva anakhazikitsa mwambo wa umwana. Iye mwachidule anakaikira kuti asankhe wolowa.

Mu '97 otchuka mu ankhondo Trajan, yemwe anali ku Germany, atamva kuti mfumu anaganiza kutenga mwanayo. Posachedwapa, iye anakhala mwalamulo misempha co-regent. Ndipo masabata angapo koyambirira kwa '98, inali kudziŵika za imfa ya mfumu. Traian anaphunzira za uthenga uwu mu Cologne. Chodabwitsa kwa ogwira onse wake ndi olemekezeka, mfumu yatsopano (monga adalandira mutu wa princeps) sanabwerere ku Rome, ndipo anakhala pa Rhine. mkulu wamasomphenya anaganiza kuti tiziwononga nthawi pa mwambo, koma m'malo anapitiriza kuchita kulimbitsa malire.

Yambani ndi nkhani imeneyi chodabwitsa cha ulamuliro wa Mfumu Trajan anatembenuka nyengo heyday Ufumu wa Roma. Mfumu anasangalala thandizo konsekonse mu ankhondo, amene wakhala mwala odalirika mphamvu yake. Anzake zikuluzikulu ziwiri ndi anzake anali akazembe ake Trajan Julius Urs Servian ndi Lucius Licinius Sura.

Mwamsanga pamene mbadwa ya Italica anakhala wolamulira, nthawi yomweyo anayambitsa inapita kumanga misewu pa malire pamodzi banki lamanja la Rhine ndi Danube kwa Black Sea. Mu 98 ndi 99 a mfumu Trajan kukonzanso chitetezo cha malire Roma m'chigawochi. mwachangu wake anali wolungamitsidwa: ku malire pakati pa Danube State anaopseza Marcomanni ndi mitundu ina yachijeremani. Iwo anali wotsimikiza yekha wa chitetezo malire, Trajan atabwerera ku Rome. Icho chinali chaka cha '99.

Zosemphana ndi Detsebal

Mkulu wa asilikali tsopano chi Roma Trajan anali atasemphana ake ndi Dacians - gulu la mafuko Thracian, amene ankakhala wamakono Romania. The 87 - 106 zaka. anthu awa Decebal malamulo. Pakati pa Aroma ndi Dacians skirmishes malire zinachitika nthawi zonse. Mfumu Trajan zikugwira ntchito yomanga mauthenga pa Danube ndi kuti njira yabwino kuti isanayambike mofulumira mabungwe m'dera yofunikayi. Mu nthawi ya wamkulu escalation nkhondo kumalire ndi Dacia padziko asilikali 100 zikwi Aroma ikukamba.

Traian anaganiza ndi pasadakhale kwambiri, poganiza kuteteza olimba a Decebal mphamvu. njira imeneyi kunali kusuntha tingachipeze powerenga za ufumuwo. Aroma sanavomereze momuzungulira anansi wamphamvu, ndicho iwo anali wotchuka chiphiphiritso cha "kugawaniza ndi ulamuliro". Choncho, kugonjetsedwa kwa Decebal amayenera kukhala muyeso njira chofunika mtendere zina za malingaliro Ufumu. M'munsi Danube ndi Carpathians anakopeka Trajan komanso mbiri za madipoziti wolemera mchere.

Dacian nkhondo

Mu 101, seneti kulengeza nkhondo Detsebal. Mfumu Trajan yekha anatsogolera asilikali, anapita pa kukwera yaitali. msasa Aika anakhala Viminatsiya ku Upper Moesia. Mothandizidwa ndi pontoon mlatho asilikali achiroma anawoloka Danube ndipo anasamukira mozama Dacia. Mu chaka cha 101, iwo anaukira Decebal msasa ili wotchuka Iron Gates Gorge. mtsogoleri Dacian anayenera abwerere ku mapiri.

Pamene Aroma n'kuyamba kuti Transylvania adani a analowa wotsika Moesia, kusuntha pamene panayambira nkhondo pa wotsika Danube. Mu February 102, panali nkhondo kwambiri wamagazi la msonkhano. About Adamklissi pa mtengo wa asilikali 4 zikwi za Rome Mfumu Trajan anagonjetsa Dacians. Polemekeza chigonjetso mu malo nkhondoyo mausoleum yaikulu inamangidwa achikumbutso yaikulu ndi manda guwa, umene stamped mayina a akufa.

Mu 102, Aroma Decebal anatenga zinthu kuyeza. Iye anapereka ufumu zonse wotanganidwa asilikali ake m'dziko, kuchepetsa mphamvu yake mu Dacia, anadutsa zida za nkhondo ndi zida, anapereka defectors onse ndipo anakana kum'tenga kuti legionaries wake. Decebal anakhala m'manja mwa Rome ndipo anayamba kukambirana naye mfundo kudziko. M'nthawi anayamba kuitana Trajan Dacian kulemekeza kuwina nkhondo. Mu December 102, iye pachikhalidwe chikondwerero kuwalakwira chigonjetso.

Ngakhale kugonjetsedwa kwa Decebal sanafune kugwada pamaso Aroma. Kwa zaka zingapo anali kukonzekera kukumana latsopano ufumu. Iwo anayamba m'chaka 105. Poyankha kuukira kwa Dacians ku Rome pa Danube apindulanji reinforcements zina (14 mabungwe). Iwo nkhani theka la gulu lonse lankhondo la ufumuwo.

nkhondo wina ankati kugwa zaka 106. Mbali zonse izo kusiyana ndi makamaka aukali. Akunjawo analimbana koopsa, ndipo ngakhale anatentha awo likulu sarmizegetusa regia. Pomaliza, Decebal anagonja komaliza, ndipo mutu wake yodulidwa monga mpikisano wa anatumizidwa ku Roma, kumene unali mwambo wakale kuponyedwa matope. Owonongedwa Dacia Traian anakhazikitsa chigawo china lachifumu.

Traian-womanga

M'mbiri yakale panali mafumu pang'ono, kotero wachangu yomanga ndi Mfumu Trajan. Mwachidule yonena za wolamulira kugwirizana ndi zikamera wa zipilala ambiri mapulani. Mabwinja a ena anapulumuka. Pambuyo kugonjetsa Dacians Trajan analamula yomanga mwala ulalo Danube. kamangidwe wolemba anali wotchuka wamanga Apollodorus wa Damasiko. Mlatho ndi makilomita 1.2 yaitali anaima pa 20 zipilalapo ndipo anali mmodzi wa nyumba yochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'nthawi imeneyo.

Nthawi zambiri anamanga Trajan ndi dzina lake (mwachitsanzo, wotchuka Trajan ndime). kukopa linaonekera pa Forum Roma m'chaka 113. Iwo anali kuti azikumbukira kugonjetsa Dacians. Ndime zopangidwa wapatali Carrara nsangalabwi. Pamodzi ndi pedestal ndi kufika msinkhu wa mamita 38. Mkati kapangidwe dzenje anaika mwauzimu staircase zikubweretsa nsanja yakanema. Ambuye thunthu yokutidwa ndi ziboliboli zosonyeza nkhani ya nkhondo Dacian.

kujowina Nabataeans

Mu 106, Mfumu Trajan, kanthawi yonena zomwe ndi chitsanzo cha munthu sadzakhala anapambulwa pa asilikali, anacheukira anthu a kum'mawa. Kwa nthawi yoyamba Aroma anali mu Arabia mu '25, pamene maulendowa kuti Aelia Gala anapita. Trajan adadziwa yekha ndi East, mnyamata anakagwira Syria. Wina Ufumu panali Nabataeans. Mu chaka chomwecho anayamba ndewu chifukwa cha imfa ya mfumu Rabila. Mwayi anamwetulira Ufumu. Aroma mosavuta wotanganidwa gawo ku Gulf of Aqaba kwa Hauran. M'dera limeneli, m'chigawo cha Arabia unakhazikitsidwa, malipoti mwachindunji Princeps.

Wambiri Mfumu Trajan chimasonyeza kuti iye anali kwambiri boma nzeru ndi zomveka kuchenjera. Pankhani zochita za Nabataeans, anathandizidwa ndi tiganizira malonda ndi ndale. Anagwira ufumu panali dziko laling'ono lomaliza pa kumalire a kum'mawa kwa ufumu. Mayamwidwe amatetezera otetezedwa ndi anawazunza ndi Egypt ndi Syria.

Monga Dacia ku Arabia yomweyo anayamba kumanga yogwira. Road anaonekera, kulimbikitsa ndi polojekiti dongosolo. Ntchito yawo inali kulamulira apaulendo zodutsa ndi madzi m'dera malire. Capital a m'chigawo anakhala Batra, wondituma Traian VI Zhedezny Legiyo. The chachiwiri pakati chofunika kwambiri Peter. mzinda uno kalekale wotchuka chifukwa akachisi zokongola ndi minda. Kukula a m'chigawo anathandiza malonda katundu osowa Indian (mu 107 Indian akazembe ngakhale anafika ku Rome).

Traian colonizer

M'nthawi otchedwa printsipsa wake monga "mfumu yabwino Trajan." Inde, infects ntchito anapereka kutsogolera kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha ufumu wonsewo. Pansi Trajan pachimake anafika ntchito ndi Boma la Aroma. Iye anagwira ntchito ndi yothetsa mu Africa North. Mu 100, njuchi watsopano anakhazikitsidwa mu Numidia Tamugadi, kumene pamaso panali wakale puniysky positi.

Cities anaonekera mu lothandiza Trayana anapereka mawonekedwe ofanana. Iwo anali bwino amakona anayi mawonekedwe. M'katikati kwa pabwalo la. makhalidwe kuvomerezedwa ankawalamulira Roma anali masewera malaibulale komanso mawu (khalidwe mizati ndi busts anthu). ofukula ano makamaka anaphunzira zambiri za midzi izi zachokera ku Africa North komanso zotsalira za mizinda awa mwangwiro anapulumutsidwa ndi mchenga chipululu.

mfundo zoweta

Initiative mu kulamulira ndi kunja nkhondo sindimatanthauza kuti Trajan anali sanachite zochitika mkati. Chifukwa chimodzi mtendere wa ufumu kuti nthawi inali mphamvu yake mwaluso kusamalira magulu onse ndi strata wa anthu Roma. Choyamba Princeps ankasiyana ubale wosakhwima kwa Senate. "Choyamba wao sunganyemeke" - umu ndi m'mene Mfumu Trajan, malinga ndi apamwamba chake chauneneri. Iye ankadziwa kuti chiphwanye kunyada pamene nkhani ya boma.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndi Senate kwa Trajan wakhala mwayi. kuloŵedwa m'malo ake Domitian inathetsedwa mu izi chitsutso msonkhano ku Italy akale ndi apamwamba Roma. The Senate anadzazidwa ndi anthu ochokera m'chigawo - ali chimodzimodzi ngati iye Traian amene kukambirana, iye anali mosavuta kuposa ndi mabanja likulu yotchuka.

Mokhudzana ndi okwera pa (chilungamo) Mfumu anapitiriza mpikisanowo kuyamba ndi Domitian. kalasi mwayi wachita yofunika kwambiri mu moyo ndale wa Rome. Traian pang'onopang'ono anapatsa mphamvu zawo zatsopano. Kotero kuti kusasiyana anasamutsa kasamalidwe ndalama ndi katundu wa mfumu yaikulu. Princeps kukodzedwa mndandanda wa bwana, chimene chingalowe nyamulani okwera pa.

Monga anthu wamba, mwamsanga anam'konda wolamulira amenewa anali mfumu Trajan. Mwachidule yonena mfumu nkhani zonse, pamene iye pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana anagawira wamba wopatsa zopereka. ana ambirimbiri anali plebeian kupeza ufulu kugawira mbewu. Pansi Trajan ku Rome kosalekeza bungwe masewera ndi zina wotchuka misa zosangalatsa. Iye ali kwambiri kuchita kuti si kuti kampira wankhanza, amene analowa mbiri ambiri pambuyo pake. Kamodzi mphamvu, wolamulira anakana kuti repeal chilamulo, chimene anthu anayesedwa kwa chipongwe Mfumu.

Chiameniya mkangano

Motsutsa likhale ndi ndondomeko yogwira zoweta ndi kusintha zachuma wa East ngakhale zonse anakhalabe dera, kenako Traian kwambiri. Mfumu ya Aroma kumva chilichonse zochitika zambiri kapena zochepa zofunika pa malire Asian. Panthawi ina, kumakhaladi chifukwa cha nkhawa Trajan Armenia. Momwemonso amadalira Rome ndi Parfia, pakati pa amene anaikidwa. M'chaka 112 pampando wachifumu Chiameniya anakhala Partamazirid. Iye anali appointee wa Parthian mfumu Khosroev. Vuto linali kuti mfumu yatsopano m'malo Aksidaresa - m'manja okhulupirika a ufumuwo.

ntchito Muzisamala Khosroev anakwiyitsa Rome. Iwo sakanakhoza kuyankha ndi Mfumu Trajan. Zosangalatsa za njira yabwino yothetsera zamtendere, lomwe olemba mbiri amakono chifukwa kupulumutsa owona ndi makalata princeps makamaka wolemba ndi loya Pliny wang'ono. Kwa nthawi yoyamba pambuyo pakutchulidwa wa mkangano Chiameniya Trajan anayesa kukambirana ndi mfumu Parthian mwa zokambirana. Khosrow unapitirira ndi kulangiza kuti akuvomera kuyesera kanthu patsogolo.

Ndiye Trajan anapita ku Antiokeya. Zinali January zaka 114. Chifukwa ntchito Parthian, zachiwawa kunabuka dera malire, koma iwo zinaleka mwamsanga pamene Mfumu anafika kumeneko. Traian amene chithunzi busts iliyonse buku pa mbiri yakale anali akuluakulu, amphamvu ndi wokongola. Komanso, iye anali kulankhula ndi kudziwa kusonkhezera omvera. Kuletsa Antiokeya, Trajan anatsogolera asilikali ndi anasamukira ku Armenia. Partamazirid, tengani izo demonstratively anavula korona wake, akufuna kuwina kuzindikira la Aroma. The manja sizinathandize. Partamazirid anali opanda mphamvu. Pambuyo mafunsidwe, iye anayesa kuthawa. Parthian appointee anamugwira ndi kuphedwa.

imfa

M'chaka cha 115 nkhondo ndi Aparti. Traian coyamba anapita ku Mesopotamia, kumene, popanda kukana kwambiri anagonjetsa atumiki Hosrana. Ndiye asilikali achiroma mu magawo awiri anasamukira pambuyo pake wa Firate ndi Tigirisi. Mabungwe wotanganidwa Babulo, ndipo likulu la Parthian Ctesiphon. Malinga ndi zotsatira za nkhondo ya Ufumu linalanda m'mayiko ena Mesopotamia. M'dera limeneli, m'chigawo cha Asuri unakhazikitsidwa. Traian anafika Persian Gulf. Anasangalala ndi kupambana wa asilikali, anayamba kukonza kampeni India.

Komabe, chiyembekezo mfumu kuti sizichitika. Pa kuzinga Hatra, iye anadwala kwambiri. Ine amayenera kubwerera ku Antiokeya. Pali Traian anagwira sitiroko, zomwe zinachititsa kuti ziwalo. Princeps anamwalira pa August 9117, mumzinda wa Selinus Kilikiya.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Ambiri chidwi umboni za moyo wake anasiya Trajan. Mfumu ya Aroma, zosangalatsa za zomwe chidwi cha biographers ndi olemba Nthawi osiyana, kwambiri makalata ndi Pliny wang'ono. m'makalata awo anali chipilala zofunika za lothandiza pa. Ndiyamika kanthu anadziwika kuti Traian mosiyana akapolo anzawo akale ndi kunena wololera kwa Akhristu. Iye analetsa kulandira chidzudzulo anonymous la osokonezeka ananena ndi ulamuliro wa chilango kwa iwo amene anali okonzeka mwamtendere aleke chipembedzo chawo.

Anthu wamba, Traian anakhala mwini chifundo ndi chilungamo. Pamene mfumu anakamanga msasa ku Dacia pa zipata za likulu lake mmwamba ndi mkazi wamba Roma. Anapempha thandizo Trajan ndi kupulumutsa mwana wake mwabodza Wolakwayo wa bodza lamkunkhuniza. Bwanamkubwa anasiya nkhondo. Iye anapita ku khothi, anapanga zifukwa mwana kenako yekha anapitiriza ulendo wake.

Mugone chidwi ndi Trajan ndi seneti. Electors zambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mapiritsi anafuna chinsinsi kukavota, nthabwala ndi kuwamenya. Khalidweli anapereka mfumu kwambiri nkhawa. Ndime ndi zizindikiro chimasonyeza kuti udindo wa aphungu pansi Trajan ulemu wake wonse analibe makamaka tanthauzo ndale.