Mbiri ya chitukuko magetsi. Asayansi amene anathandizira chitukuko cha zomangamanga magetsi, ndi zoyambitsa zawo

Magetsi - munda waukulu kwambiri wa nzeru, womwenso chilichonse chokhudzana ndi ntchito mphamvu ya magetsi. Izi ziwembu chitukuko, zipangizo, zida ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu, ndi kuphunzira zochitika mu atomu ndi ntchito zawo zothandiza. Mbali ya zamagetsi - m'madera onse a moyo wathu.

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

History of Development Magetsi mwamphamvu zogwirizana ndi anthu kumbuyoku wake wa chitukuko. Anthu chidwi zochitika zachilengedwe, zimene sadakhoza kufotokoza. History of Development Zamagetsi - zoyesayesa zonse kubwereza zimene zikuchitika.

phunziro kwa zaka zambiri ndi zambiri. Koma ndi m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri mbiri ya ukachenjede magetsi anayamba kuwerengetsa yake yeniyeni anthu ntchito akudziŵa ndi luso.

chiphunzitso

Asayansi amene anathandizira chitukuko cha zomangamanga magetsi - ndi zikwi ndi zikwi za maina onse a iwo m'nkhani ino sangathe mwasankha. Koma pali munthu amene kafukufuku anathandiza kupanga dziko lathu momwe ziriri pano.

mbiri yakale amanena kuti: oyamba amene anafotokoza wake kuti pambuyo akusisita Amber ndi ubweya, akhoza kujambula zinthu, anali Greece dzina Thales la Mileto. Zimene wake anagwira mu chiwiri m'ma BC. No mfundo achikhazikitso, mwatsoka, iye sakanakhoza kuchita. Koma onse kuzipenya ake mosamala analembedwa ndi kuwapereka kwa ana.

Dzina lotsatira mu mndandanda wa "asayansi, akatswiri a zamagetsi ndi zoyambitsa zawo" makonzedwe anaonekera yekha mu 1663, pamene mzinda wa Magdeburg Otto Fon Gerike cholinga makina, ndilo mpira kuti silingakhoze kokha kukopa, koma amawateteza zinthu.

asayansi otchuka

Zotsatira Home Electronics kuika ngati asayansi odziwika bwino, monga:

• Stiven Gray, amene anachita zinthu zatsopano pa kufala kwa magetsi pa mtunda. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wake anali kuganiza kuti zinthu popereka mphamvu osiyana.
• Sharl Dyufe, amene akufuna chiphunzitso cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magetsi.
• Wa ku Netherlands Pieter galimoto Musschenbroek. Iwo wakhala wotchuka Kutulukira condenser.
• Mwakhama anaphunzira chodabwitsa Georg Richman ndi Mikhail Lomonosov.
• Benjamin Franklin. Munthu uyu adatsikira ku mbiri anayambitsa ndodo mphezi.
• Luigi Galvani.
• Vasily Petrov.
• Sharl Kulon.
• Hans Oersted.
• Alessandro Volta.
• Andre Ampere.
• Maykl Faradey, ndi ena ambiri.

energetics

Magetsi - sayansi zomwe limapangidwa zigawo zinayi za choyamba ndi patsinde amene ali ndi mphamvu. Ndi sayansi ya m'badwo HIV ndi kumwa mphamvu. Anthu amene wakwanitsa bwinobwino ntchito njira imeneyi ntchito zawo ndi m'zaka za m'ma 19.

Wosazindikira batire amalola chipangizo ntchito kokha kwa kanthawi, kuti sunawakhutitse zokhumba asayansi. The zatsopano za zinachitika loyamba jenereta anakhala Chihangare Anosh Ányos Jedlik mu 1827. Mwatsoka, ana awo wasayansi okhala ndi dzina ake amakhalabe kokha m'mabuku a mbiri yakale.

Kenako dynamo kusinthidwa Ippolit Piksi. chipangizo ndi losavuta: a stator kuti amapanga zonse maginito, ndi ya windings.

Mbiri ya ukachenjede magetsi ndi chitukuko mphamvu simungakhoze kuchita popanda kutchula dzina la Michael Faraday. Ndipo Iye anatulukira jenereta choyamba, amene ali ololedwa kupereka panopa ndi zonse voteji. Kenako, zimagwirira asintha Shtererom Emile Henry Wilde, Zenobia magalamu.

DC

Mu 1873 pa chionetsero mu Vienna anali poyera ndi Launch ya mpope kwa makina, inali kuposa kilometre kutali.

Magetsi molimba kugonjetsa dziko lapansi. Anthu anayamba kuzimvetsa ngati sankadziwika latsopano zinthu monga wanthambo, za magetsi galimoto mu galimoto ndi sitima, m'tawuni kuyatsa. dynamos yaikulu ayamba ntchito yopanga magetsi padziko lonse mafakitale. Mizinda anayamba amaoneka trams woyamba ndi trolleybuses. Ganizo DC massively akuyendera wotchuka wasayansi Thomas Edison. Komabe, njira imeneyi ankalakwitsa zina zake.

Ongolankhula zamagetsi m'mabuku maphunziro anatanthauza kuphimba yaikulu zotheka angapo midzi anthu ndi madera ndi magetsi. Koma DC ali osiyanasiyana zochepa - ziwiri kapena zitatu makilomita, ndiye zomvetsa yaikulu anayamba. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa kusintha kwa alternating panopa zitsulo ndi miyeso kupoletsa makina, kukula kwa fakitale yabwino.

Nikola Tesla

Woyambitsa wa luso latsopano imatengedwa kuti ndi Chisebiya wasayansi Nikola Tesla. Pa moyo wake zoyenera kuphunzira AC mphamvu, kusamutsa kuti patali. Magetsi (kwa oyamba ndi chidwi Ndipotu) inamangidwa pa mfundo zake zazikulu. Lero, m'nyumba iliyonse mmodzi wa zolengedwa za wasayansi wamkulu.

The zatsopano anapereka dziko multiphase magudumu, kupatsidwa ulemu galimoto, ndi kumatsutsana ndi zoyambitsidwa zina zambiri. Patatha zaka ntchito wanthambo, ndi kampani telefoni, zasayansi Edison ndipo kenako mu mabizinezi awo Tesla chinali chochitika chachikulu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zatsopano.

Anthu, mwatsoka, sanalandire chakhumi cha asayansi atulukira. Eni madipoziti mafuta akhala mwamphamvu zisinthe magetsi pogwiritsa aliwonse kwa iwo anatiyangata patsogolo ake.

Malinga ndi mphekesera, Nicola anakhoza kulenga ndi kusiya mphepo, zimafalitsa magetsi popanda mawaya imene padziko lapansi, teleported warship, ndipo ngakhale chikwiyire kugwa kwa kugwa kwa miyala yochokera ku Siberia. Kwambiri zapadera munthu wake.

Mwamwayi, Nicola zinali zolondola, kubetcherana pa AC. zomangamanga magetsi (makamaka oyamba) koyamba za mfundo zake. Iye anali kulondola, magetsi kuti akhoza kudyetsedwa ataliatali ntchito ochititsa yekha. Mu nkhani ya okhazikika "abale" mphamvu m'pofunika kukhala iliyonse makilomita awiri kapena atatu. Komanso, iwo ayenera nthawi zonse anakhalabe.

Pakali pano, DC utatsalirabe chipinda zoyendera magetsi - trams, mabasi trolley, sitima magetsi, injini mafakitale, batire, naupereka. Komabe, anapatsidwa chitukuko cha sayansi, zikuoneka kuti "postoyanke" Posachedwapa kokha pa masamba a mbiriyakale.

electromechanics

Zigawo magetsi chachiwiri chimene akufotokoza mfundo akatembenuka mphamvu mawotchi mphamvu magetsi ndi mosemphanitsa, amatchedwa electromechanics.

Woyamba wasayansi yavivshim dziko ntchito yawo electromechanics, anali Swiss wasayansi Engelbert Arnold, amene mu 1891 lofalitsidwa ndemanga pa chiphunzitso ndi pulani windings makina. Kenako, zotsatira za sayansi dziko kudzadza Blondel kafukufuku Vidmar, Kostenko, Dreyfus Tolvinskogo, Circle Park.

Mu 1942, a Chihangare-American Gabriel Kron potsiriza anakwanitsa zopanga chiphunzitso wamkulu makina zonse zamagetsi ndipo motero kuphatikiza khama ofufuza ambiri m'zaka lomaliza.

Electromechanics anasangalala chidwi khola asayansi padziko lonse, ndiyeno kuchokera kwa izo ndi sayansi monga electrodynamics (amasanthula ubale wa zochitika magetsi ndi maginito), zimango (kuphunzira zoyenda matupi ndi ankachita pakati pawo), ndi matenthedwe Physics (zapansi ongolankhula mphamvu yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe, kutentha ndi misa kutengerapo ) ndi ena.

The mavuto waukulu afufuza mu chimango cha kafukufuku ndi kuphunzira ndi chitukuko cha tiransifoma, onsewo maginito, ndi liniya katundu panopa, zonse Arnold. Main mitu - makina magetsi ndi asynchronous, zosiyanasiyanazo tiransifoma.

postulates Electromechanics

Zikhulupiriro zitatu zikuluzikulu zomwe Electromechanics ndi malamulo:

• mu atomu kupatsidwa ulemu Faraday;
• panopa okwana dera maginito;
• mphamvu mu atomu (amatchedwanso malamulo Ampere a).

Chifukwa, kafukufuku asayansi, zamagetsi, izo zinali kuti mphamvu sungakhoze kusunthidwa popanda imfa, makina onse ntchito mode galimoto ndi jenereta, ndi kuti minda ya ozungulira ndi stator nthawi zonse atathana wachibale wina ndi mzake.

Dongosolo lakuti anthu aone kuti pali:

• magalimoto magetsi;
• mgwirizano voteji windings makina magetsi;
• mu atomu makokedwe.

Chotero kulamulira kachitidwe

Malangizo amatipeza unakhala wotchuka pambuyo zinaonekeratu kuti kupambana makina akhoza m'malo ntchito anthu.

Makinawa ulamuliro - luso kupezerera ntchito zipangizo zina kapena machitidwe lonse. Operable ndi kutentha, mathamangidwe, kuyenda ndi liwiro kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino gululi. Mpheto angathe kuchitidwa mu mode zonse basi, ndipo ndi nawo munthu.

The makina woyamba wa mtundu uwu tinganene kuti unit, cholinga ndi Charles Bebidzhem. Mothandizidwa ndi malangizo mu makadi nkhonya zathu- ulamuliro mpope mwa injini nthunzi.

The kompyuta woyamba limafotokonzera mabuku a Irish katswiri Percy Ludgate, amene anali kuperekedwa kwa anthu mu 1909.

Analogi zipangizo kompyuta anaonekera basi isanayambe Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Nkhondo angapo ndayima kaye chitukuko cha ntchito imeneyi zingamuthandize.

The zinachitika loyamba la kompyuta ano analengedwa ndi German Konrad Zuse mu 1938.

Pakali pano, ndi zodziwikiratu dongosolo kulamulira, monga anaima ndi woyamba bwinobwino m'malo anthu mafakitale, akuchita kwambiri wonyong'onya ndi oopsa ntchito.

zamagetsi

Chotsatira mu chitukuko cha chitsulo magetsi, zamakono kuti nthawi biliyoni ndi lolunjika kwambiri kuposa anzawo analogi.

Wotchuka German Kutulukira woyamba ndi makina cipher "chosamvetsetseka". Ndiyeno - British decoders pakompyuta amene anayesa kuthetsa zizindikiro zosamvetsetseka.

Ndiyeno panali toŵerengera ndi makompyuta.

Pa gawo atsopano a moyo amagwirizana ndi mafoni zamagetsi ndi miyala. Ndipo kodi chitukuko cha zipangizo zathu mawa, ife tikhoza ndikulingalira. Koma asayansi ntchito usana ndi usiku chabe potidabwitsa ife tonse ndi moyo wosangalatsa ndipo mosavuta chete.