Sentimentalism - si azimuth chikhalidwe ndi mabuku, kwenikweni maganizo athu a anthu pa siteji ina ya chitukuko, zomwe anayamba penapake kale inatenga ku 20 kwa zaka 80 pa XVIII atumwi ku Ulaya, ku Russia, kunali kutha kwa XVIII - chiyambi cha XIX zaka. Zizindikiro zazikulu ndi chimatsogoleredwa - mu uthunthu imazindikira ulamuliro wa mphamvu, osati maganizo.
Maganizo kulakwa
Sentimentalism atseka ndi Choonadi, amene kuphimba lonse XVIII atumwi ndi spawned angapo kayendedwe zolembalemba. Izi classicism ndi rococo chisanafike Romanticism ndi sentimentalism. Akatswiri ena anafotokoza kutsatira malangizo a ndikuganiza romanticism ndi maganizo kuzindikiridwa ndi chisanadze Romanticism. Aliyense malo awa ali lililonse yake mbali chosiyana aliyense ali normative yake umunthu, yemwe mbali yabwino kusonyeza makhalidwe ena, amene ndi mulingo woyenera chikhalidwe anapatsidwa. Mukhoza mayina zizindikiro zochepa za sentimentalism. cholinga ichi pa munthu, mphamvu ndi mphamvu ya n'chosangalatsa mwayi wapadera zachilengedwe pa chitukuko.
kwa chilengedwe
Zotsatira mu mabuku pa yapitayi ndi kutsatira mumaganiza amasiyana makamaka mwambo mwa mtima wa munthu. Zokonda zapatsidwa kwa kuphweka, mwachibadwa, ndi ngwazi ntchito umakhala demokalase umunthu, nthawi zambiri m'malo mwa anthu wamba. chidwi chachikulu zapatsidwa kwa dziko mumtima wa munthu ndi chirengedwe, limene iye. Izi ndi zizindikiro za sentimentalism. Mtima nthawi zonse kwaulere malingaliro, nampembedza, kapena ngakhale anapangidwa classicism. Choncho analemba sentimentalists anali womasuka kwambiri m'maganizo ndi kuchita mankhwala, amene si cholizira mu okhwima zomveka chimango classicism.
Watsopano mitundu zolembalemba
Waukulu Mitundu ya sentimentalism - kuyenda komanso mabuku, koma osiyanasiyana, koma zothandiza kapena makalata. Letters, zolemba pokumbukira - amene kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito Mitundu, popeza athe onse kuwulula dziko mumtima wa munthu. Ndakatulo, zokonda zapatsidwa kwa elegy ndi kalata. Ndiko, ndi Mitundu zolembalemba mwa iwo wokha, nayenso, zizindikiro sentimentalism. Ubusa sangathe a malangizo ena wina osati anafotokoza.
The sentimentalism Russian anali reactionary ndi owolowa manja. Nthumwi anali woyamba Shalikov Petr Ivanovich (1768-1852). Ntchito zake zinali yabata enaake - ndi mafumu wamphamvu wabwino, wotumidwa ndi Mulungu padziko lapansi basi chifukwa cha chimwemwe wamba lapansi. No zotsutsana chikhalidwe - chabe ndi ubwino wachilengedwe chonse. Mwina chifukwa cha ntchito wowawasa-lokoma gulu limeneli zolembalemba anali anakakonza china tearfulness ndi artificiality, amene nthaŵi zina amaona chizindikiro cha sentimentalism.
Woyambitsa wa sentimentalism Russian
oimira chabwino cha kachitidwe owolowa manja ndi Karamzin Nikolay Mihaylovich (1766-1826) ndipo oyambirira Zhukovskiy Vasiliy Andreevich (1783-1852), amadziwika. Mukhoza kuitana angapo mwapang'onopang'ono owolowa manja okonda olemba - ichi AM Kutuzov, amene odzipereka Radishchev "Ulendo ku St. Petersburg ku Moscow", M. N. Muravev, tchire ndi ndakatulo I. I. Dmitriev, ndakatulo, fabulist komanso womasulira, vv Kapnist ndi N. A. Lvov. Oyambirira ndi chidwi kwambiri mankhwala a kukuchititsa zimenezi inali nkhani Karamzin a "Osauka Liza". Tikumbukenso kuti zizindikiro za sentimentalism mabuku Russia ndi mbali zapadera Europe. Chinthu chachikulu kuphunzira, makhalidwe ndi maphunziro khalidwe ntchito. Karamzin ananena kuti muyenera kulemba ngati inu kulankhula. Motero, mbali ina ya sentimentalism Russian ndi kusintha chinenero ntchito zolembalemba. Tikumbukenso kuti zinthu zosangalatsa kapena ngakhale anapeza gulu limeneli zolembalemba ndi kuti poyamba anatembenukira kwa dziko lauzimu la anthu a makalasi m'munsi, kuwulula chuma chake ndi kuwolowa manja. Pamaso sentimentalists anthu osauka, monga ulamuliro, izo zikusonyeza yovuta, osamvera, sangathe uzimu aliyense.
"Osauka Liza" - pamwamba Russian sentimentalism
ndi zizindikiro za nako mu "Osauka Liza" n'chiyani? Ndale za nkhaniyi momveka. Kukongola si choncho. Zokhala a ntchitoyo kumadzetsa kwa wowerenga chakuti mwachibadwa ndi wolemera dziko la Lisa, m'mphawi losavuta, ndi sangafanane ndi dziko ophunzira chikunja, wophunzitsidwa Erasto, ambiri, osati munthu woipa, koma clamped chimango msonkhano, osalola kuti akwatire chibwenzi. Koma iye sanaganize kukwatiwa, chifukwa kukwaniritsa reciprocity, Erast zonse tsankho, anasowa Lisa chidwi, iwo anasiya kukhala kwa iye mwini wa chiyero ndi wosachimwa. Osauka wamba mtsikana, ngakhale zonse ulemu, modalira munthu wolemera wamng'ono, wamba anatuluka (amene ayenera kunena za kupingasa moyo ndi maganizo demokalase), poyamba wopita mothamanga chomaliza ku dziwe. Koma ulemerero wa nkhani mu zosiyana ndi kaonedwe aunika zochitika m'malo banal. Iwo mbali sentimentalism mu "Osauka Liza" (kukongola kwa moyo wa munthu wamba ndi chirengedwe, mwambo mwa chikondi) anapanga nkhani ndi amazipanga wotchuka m'mibadwo yake. Ndipo dziwe, imene Lisa anamira, anaitanidwa ndi dzina lake (a malo nkhaniyo anati bwino kwambiri). chakuti nkhani wakhala chochitika, ndi chakuti pafupifupi onse mwa ophunzirawo panopa sukulu Soviet mukudziwa kuti "Osauka Liza" Karamzin analemba, monga "Evgeniya Onegina," Pushkin ndi "The novice" Lermontov.
Anachokera ku France
Sentimentalism palokha - chodabwitsa mu zopeka kuposa classicism ndi rationalism ake ndi dryness, ndi ngwazi wake, amene, monga ulamuliro, anali korona mitu kapena atsogoleri. "Julie, kapena ku New Heloise" ndi Jean-Jacques Rousseau anathyola mu zopeka ndipo anaika maziko a ina yatsopano. Kale mu ntchito za anayambitsa malangizo zinali zizindikiro zosonyeza sentimentalism m'mabuku, n'kupanga latsopano luso dongosolo, amene anaimba matamando a munthu wamba, angathe chifundo, popanda chodzikonda ena, wamphamvu wachikondi banja, modzipereka kondwerani mwa mtendere wa anthu ena.
Kufanana ndi kusiyana
Zizindikiro za classicism ndi sentimentalism ofanana kwambiri, chifukwa onse a m'madera amenewa a nthawi ya Choonadi, koma palinso kusiyana. Classicism zimalimbikitsa ndi deifies chifukwa ndi maganizo - kumverera. The chiphiphiritso chachikulu cha malo amenewa ndi osiyana: chiri chakale "munthu, kapolo ndi kulamulira kwa chifukwa" mu chimatsogoleredwa - "Anthu kumva". Ntchito Zina Zambiri ndi mawonekedwe a kulemba - nzeru ndi rigor mwa classicists, ndi digressions wolemera, mafotokozedwe, kukumbukira ndi makalata a ntchito ndi olemba ina kayendedwe zolembalemba. Kuchokera pa zimene takambiranazi, yankho ku funso la chimene ali mbali yaikulu ya sentimentalism. Nkhani yaikulu chikondi. Polemba chinenero pokha - Pastorale (Elegy), nkhani chimatsogoleredwa, kulemba ndi oyendayenda. Ntchito - mwambo wa mphamvu ndi chirengedwe, kupewa kuwongoka.