M'badwo wa Choonadi mu Russia

Mu dziko ladzaza ndi chikhalidwe cha chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu m'ma M'badwo wa Choonadi, omwe amaonekera ake kwambiri mbiri. Inali pa nthawi iyi itha linakhalapo m'njira monga Baroque, Rococo m'malo. Ku Ulaya, iwo amayamba ngati mkangano osaphunzira, koma chifukwa cha mabuku anthu yogwira anapanga boma.

Anabadwira ku England, chifukwa cha chitukuko cha kayendedwe aluntha mfundo zikuluzikulu za nzeru za maphunziro pang'ono ndi pang'ono anayamba kufalitsa kwa Germany, France, Russia ndi m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya.

Makamaka otchuka anali aphunzitsi ku France - Diderot, Rousseau, d'Alembert, Helvetius, Voltaire, amene akudzitcha yekha "anzeru ndale". Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu, zomveka kaganizidwe ndi chidziwitso angathe limaphwanya ndondomeko lotha, kusintha makhalidwe abwino ndi za chikumbumtima, mfundo ndi izo imathandizira pa ndondomeko mbiri ndi tsogolo kusintha chikhalidwe.

Luso kufufuza choonadi zimene zimalimbikitsa ukulu wa chifukwa ufulu ndi chimwemwe Ndipotu, anayesa kusonyeza maganizo. Ndicho chifukwa mabuku kusonyezedwa pamwamba pa zilembo, ndiwo chimake cha kudziŵa, timafuna chilungamo, akutha kulimbana ndi umbuli.

Zolembalemba Rococo amapereka owerenga yalongosoledwa momveka malo, pun, kulankhula nditaona, okoma ngati kuti mwawathila lomveka frivolity ndi zosiyidwa. Makamaka noticeable mu kalembedwe Voltaire, Montesquieu, Lesanzha.

M'badwo wa Choonadi ku Russia anayamba ndi Peter Wamkulu. Pofika kumapeto kwa ufumu wake, kukonza Russian molimba anapita "Europeanization" kumatanthauza chikhalidwe cha West. Mapangidwe Science, Education anapita mofulumira kwambiri.

M'badwo wa Choonadi mu Russia anatenga magazini, manyuzipepala, portraiture.

Ndi 18 TH m'ma Russian anthu, amene ankaona kwambiri kapena zochepa ophunzira, iyo sinali kokha oimira wa Moscow ndi St. Petersburg otchuka komanso ophunzira ochepa wamba.

Kwa Ulaya, miyeso yolinganizira anali ndi French Choonadi. Choncho, m'badwo wa kuunika Russia kwathandiza patsogolo musiyane chikhalidwe France, makamaka theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Olemekezeka anapatsidwa mwayi nyamulani luso ndi mabuku pa maulendo awo kunja, ndi nzeru yabwino ya chinenero cha Voltaire, Diderot, ndipo zimawathandiza kuphunzira ntchito za choonadi. Ophunzira anthu Russian anali kuwerenga ntchito monga "Namwali wa Orleans", "Nun," "wopunduka devil," "opusa Miyala Yamtengo Wapatali", "Persian Letters" ndi katswiri zina zambiri za malangizo maphunziro, limene limafotokoza "zakanthawi holide, amene ankalamulidwa ndi Venus ndi Bakasi" .

Komabe, kufufuza choonadi mu Russia ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi Baibulo European, ndi mbewu zake "Zidamera" pa nthaka zoweta, anapereka chifukwa chosiyana pang'ono kuposa mu West.

nthawi Russian Peter, ndipo kenako, pamene ulamuliro wa Catherine II, zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi France Voltaire a. Wanzeru Ufumu, kumbuyo wapakamwa amene anali dziko lalikulu ndi anthu osati kukweza mutu wake ku munda yakalavulagaga, anali malo lachitatu, zomwe, monga West, mfumu amaika zofuna zake.

M'badwo wa Choonadi mu Russia amapereka mwa anthu otchuka ndi autocracy, amene anali makhalidwe atsopano chikhalidwe Western kusunga serfdom alipo.

Ndipo ngakhale pambuyo pa imfa ya Peter anapitiriza reformism Catherine ll, maloto wokhala "ŵakusanga mfumukazi" chenicheni Russian aphunzitsi anali Dashkova, Golitsyn, ndi Sumarokov, Novikov, Fonvizin ndi ena amene ayesa modernize zenizeni Russian.