Amene anali Khazars ndi chiyambi? Khazars - Turkic anthu olankhula woyendayendawu

Mu mbiri ya onse m'dziko lathu ndi kumayiko ena akusowa otchula chitukuko akale amene kamodzi kumene kuli anthu m'dera lino. Choncho, m'zaka zaposachedwapa, kwambiri kuchita chidwi kwambiri ndi Khazar ufumu, ndilo chiyambi cha nthawi yathu inali penapake malire m'munsi wa Volga. Chidwi pa nkhani imeneyi ndi kwakukulu kuti magazini bwino sayansi kupereka buku wodzipereka kwa nkhaniyi, gulu langa loyamba. Chinsinsi chachikulu cha anthu awa ndi zimene asayansi ndi kukangana za amene poyamba anali Khazars.

Mwinamwake iwo sanali kukhala ndi chidwi ngati kumulakalaka, ngati si kopanda kuti anali Khazars anali makolo a Ayuda amakono. asayansi ambiri amavomereza kuti iwo ndiwo akutoma kwa dziko lino. Zimenezi imayendetsedwa ndi kafukufuku kwambiri zinthu zakale choti molondola kulankhula za yotchuka eksodo ya Ayuda ochokera ku Egypt anali ayi. Anthu kumeneko, koma chiyambi chake si bwino mpaka kumapeto.

Chifukwa chake m'zaka ziwiri kuphunzira Khazars anapitiriza mwakhama redoubled. Akukhulupirira kuti yoyamba uthenga za Khazars unalembedwa kuzungulira chaka 550 AD, pamene iwo anayamba mwachangu maganizo awo pa padziko lonse pa nthawiyo. Tiyeni kutsatira njira zawo.

Iwo anapita ku mawu oti "Khazars"?

Kodi dzina lokha anapita "Khazars"? Tanthauzo la mawu (monga anayeza ndi dikishonale Dahl) "hazit" akhoza kumva ngati "wamwano, kulumbira." Magwero ena amati "haz" - odzikuza, amwano munthu. Komabe, mu ulamuliro wa "hazom" akhoza kuzindikiridwa ngati zobiriwira, apamwamba ndi mankhwala okwera mtengo. Kumbukirani mawu "unsightly" imene monga lili kusinthidwa suffix "haz", koma amatanthauza ngati skimpy, wosakongola chinthu. M'malo mwake, mawu akuti "zenera kuvala" ntchito pamene chodabwitsa kapena chinthu kuoneka chopambanitsa zobiriwira, yapamwamba.

Komanso, Dahl yemweyo ananena kuti mawu akuti "othazovat" mawu ofanana "kuyenda, kuyendayenda." Ndiye kodi, ndiye, kutanthauzira mawu akuti "Khazars"? Kutanthauza n'zosatheka kudziwa ngati inu musati muyesere disassemble ndi etymology. Ngati inu kuswa mawu patatu, ndiko kuti, "ha", "s" ndi "Ari", ife ndithudi adzakhala pafupi kwambiri tanthauzo la mawu amenewa amaperekedwa ndi makolo athu. Mu nkhani ngati timamasulira ngati "akuyesetsa kuti Arom (Yarile)", likukhalira kuti mawu akuti "Khazars" akhoza kutanthauziridwa monga "akubwera kuchokera Kummawa."

Kuchokera Huns kuti hazarm

Choncho amene anali Khazars ndi chiyambi? Amadziwika kuti ndi tingachipeze powerenga woyendayendawu mitundu gulu la chiyambi Turkic. Poyamba, M'dera pakati pa Black ndi Caspian nyanja. mbiri yakale kuti pambuyo nkhondo ya Huns anali Khazars ku Eastern Europe. Nazi basi osakaniza "Huns pambuyo" yosokoneza kwambiri, ndipo Olemba Mfundo olimba sayansi anali pa nkhani imeneyi moona olimbanawo chete.

N'zotheka kuti anakakhala malo amenewo Huns ndi anthu Turkic mwadzidzidzi anayamba kutchedwa Khazars, koma options ena komanso si lilibe. Choncho imeneyi mbiri yawo mwina odabwitsa kwambiri.

A pang'ono za Huns

Mwa njira, amene ali okha ndi Huns? Ndi komanso woyendayendawu anthu, umene unapangidwa zaka II-IV. mu Urals lapansi. Makolo awo anali chimodzimodzi Turkic olankhula anthu (mtundu Hsiung-Num), amene anafika m'ma chachiwiri cha Asia Central. Komanso, zopereka zake zikamera wa mtundu watsopano anapanga anthu wamba Ugric ndi Sarmatians. Hunnu okha ali m'malo chidwi chiyambi, popeza ndiwo akutoma kwa anthu Caucasoid ku China kumpoto, amene anali atanyamuka kwa zaka chikwi Chikhristu chisanayambe.

Koma kuphunzira ofukula Chinese kuti mpaka Urals ngati hunnu ndipo ali mu mawonekedwe a magulu akutali Mipikisano mitundu, ali inasanduka anthu tingachipeze powerenga woyendayendawu panjira. mfundo ndi yakuti mu North China, mtundu catastrophically mofulumira anazimiririka, sangathe kupikisana ndi mafuko wamphamvu. Choncho, Hun anali bwino anapanga ambiri ugrami. A dzina generic wa Khanty ndi Mansi, amene panthawiyo ankakhala m'dera limeneli. Ambiri mwina, anthu amenewa anakhala olekanitsidwa ngakhale wachitatu Zakachikwi BC.

Poyamba Ugric anthu okhala mu nkhalango-steppe of Western Siberia, m'madera ena akuyesetsa kwa Irtysh. Sarmatians komanso athandiza kwambiri moti sindingathe mapangidwe anthu Khazar.

Mugone Khazar ndi Turkey

Padziko zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi AD, Khazars anali kuponderezedwa ndi amphamvu Turkic Khanate. Oddly zokwanira, koma ofufuza sanali kupeza yotchula aloyi yapakati-mitundu, ngakhale zodabwitsazi N'kutheka.

The chododometsa mbiri: ngakhale mphamvu zawo zonse, iye Khanate unatha nthawi basi ridiculously lalifupi ndi mfundo za mbiri yakale - kuchokera zaka 552 kwa 745 BC. e. Okha Turkey anatuluka chifukwa chakuti 460 anali mmodzi wa mafuko Hun (ndipo ife tikufika ku izo), imene inkatchedwa Ashina, anagonjetsedwa ndi anthu Jujan. Pa Ashin osachisunga amtundu uliwonse mfundo zodalirika. Mwangozi, pa nthawi yomweyo ambiri Hsiung-Num anawonongedwa Juan-Juan. Kenako Ashinov anthu mokakamiza atabwerera ku Altai.

Ndi m'dera lino ndipo panali amphamvu anthu wosamukasamuka, kudziwika kwa ife ngati "Turkey". dzina angaperekedwe a mafuko amenewa amachokera ku Russian mawu "tyurya" zomwe makolo athu lotchedwa chakudya zophweka kwambiri: anagwa mkate kapena crackers ndi kvass ndi anyezi (kapena yofanana). Mwachidule, ndi nthawi Turkey inkakhala kupatula wa Ugrians ndi mafuko Sarmatian Ashin kuchepetsa theka-lanthano.

History Khanate mapangidwe

M'chaka cha 545 anthu anagonjetsa asilikali a Uighurs, ndipo mu 551 anali cilango kuchotsedwa Zsuzsanna. Mu mbiri ya zaka makamaka amalembedwa Bumyn mtsogoleri amene safanana naye yalengeza yokha Hagan. The mphoto anapangidwa yekha pakati pa Ayuda. Kale mu 555, anthu onse zamakolo anali pansi pa ulamuliro Turkey. "The Supreme mlingo" Khanate anagwidwa malire chapamwamba za Orkhon mtsinje, kumene anakakhala pafupifupi Khazars. Anthu a mwachangu kukula ndi wambirimbiri mphamvu asilikali.

Kale mu m'ma chimodzi BC mukudalira pa Hagan ali pafupifupi anthu a kumpoto kwa China. Posachedwapa Turkey kulowa mgwirizano nkhondo ndi Ufumu wa Byzantine, kenako olowa asilikali anayamba nkhondo ndi Iran ulamuliro wa Great silika Road. Kale mu 571, malire kuthamanga kulowera Amu Darya Khanate. Patangotha zaka zisanu chichitikireni Turkey anakwanitsa kutenga Bosporus (Kerch), koma m'chaka cha 581 kwathunthu oletsedwa Hersonissos.

Koma Khazars?

Kubwerera ku Khazars. Chinthu kochita ndi izo apa? chakuti azambiriyakale zambiri umboni kuti pa nthawi imene gawo la Turkic Khaganate kale Khazar "nthambi". Koma amene ndi chifukwa anapatsa anthu anagonjetsa ufulu zimenezi? Turkey ndiribe ndendende analandiridwa ndi mtundu wa demokalase, ndi chowaloleza kwa chilengedwe cha ku Khazar Khanate ayi. Komabe, pali kufotokoza imodzi kapena zochepa kulephera ...

mfundo ndi yakuti pamaso kugwa kwa boma la Turkey ndi zaka 100 zokha. Kukula mavuto mkati, panali mavuto ndi malire a m'ndende. Mwina Kumvetsela mitundu gulu ndi okhulupirika kwa Turkey kuti alola iwo kulenga boma lawo Khazars, kuwombola umboni wakuti cha kukhulupirika kwawo m'tsogolo.

Koma lodzala ndi zotsutsana. chakuti m'nthawi analankhula za Khazars yekha wongosamukasamuka, kuti angakhale oopsa mphamvu pa nthawi ya mabomba, koma mogwirizana chanzeru pakati pa iwo sanali. Pa masamba a pafupifupi ntchito pa nthawiyo, tikuona kuti moyo ndi ntchito ya Khazars anali lililonse kwa wongosamukasamuka: ng'ombe, kuukira zonse adani, ndewu mkati.

Inde, iwo anali likulu, anali kupezeka kwa Hagan. Koma iye anali chabe "woyamba pakati wao sunganyemeke" ndi mphamvu choti anthu a kubadwa lalikulu chabe ukhali nkhabemo. N'zokayikitsa kuti Turkey akanakhoza kupanga nawo amenewa mgwilizano zofunika. Koma Khazars - anthu enieni ndithu, ngati onse wongosamukasamuka.

The kulanda Crimea ndi Kiev

Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma m'zaka za m'ma VII-VIII BC, iwo alephera kugonjetsa Kiev ndi Crimea. Akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti pa nthawi imeneyo mafuko Asilavo anayamba kupereka msonkho kwa iwo. Apa okha Khazars analibe kanthu kuti pena udzakhala ngati amphamvu boma chapakati Khazars. Kodi akanatha kusonkhanitsa msonkho chomwechi, ngati iwo sanatero, mfundo zambiri kapena zochepa otukuka utsogoleri dongosolo?

Pomaliza, kwa mlingo wa Golden gulu, iwo anali kwambiri, kutali kwambiri. Ambiri mwina, ndi "mtulo" amatanthauza zinthu zochititsa anthu, pamene anthu okhala m'mizinda anazinga amakonda kugula kuchokera anawazunza wina nomad. Inde, ndi njira ya moyo ndi ntchito ya Khazars sanali amathandiza kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu kwambiri pa mitundu ina: Khanate anali sakanikira kwambiri, ndi chifukwa kazembe Wakhale nthawi zambiri akugwira nyumba imeneyi lotayirira mwa osachepera kuti wachibale.

Pa mutu wa mtundu Khazar anali ndiye Hakan ndiponso "kazembe" mothamanga. Likulu la Khazars Khanate anali Valangiar (Astrakhan) kenako Sarkel (kufuzika mu 1300). Amadziwika kuti pa nthawi anali kalikiliki malonda ndi India. Mu 965 asilikali Khazar anagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a Prince Svyatoslav. Mu 1016, anagonjetsedwa ndi magulu a Russian ndi Ahelene, analamula Mstislav Tmutarakan.

Kuvomereza Chiyuda

malo ambiri mbiri amatiuza kuti m'zaka za m'ma chitatu, wa Khazars anatengera Chiyuda. Koma tiyeni tibwerere ku chiyambi cha nkhaniyi. Otchuka asayansi a ku Israel kukanena kuti ndondomeko ya merging Ayuda ndi Khazars anabwera yekha mu 1005. Koma ndiye Bumyn Chiyuda mu zaka 500 zisanachitike? Pa nkhani imeneyi, azambiriyakale pali mafunso ambiri. Pano pali anthu ambiri:

• Ndani mwa Turkey ndi Khazars akhoza panthawi imeneyo m'chipembedzo cha Chiyuda, Ayuda ngati pali ngakhale pafupi ndi iye?
• Kodi mungatani m'chipembedzo cha Chiyuda, koma osati kukhala Myuda? mabuku onse oyera a Isiraeli kuti izi sizingakhale!
• Pomaliza, amene anali mmishonale wa Chiyuda zaka 500 isanafike ya Ayuda?

Mwatsoka, onse mafunso awa palibe mayankho omveka. Ambiri mwina, pali chisokonezo. Ngati ndi choncho, palibe zodabwitsa mu: kuyambira nthawi imeneyo ali wamng'ono zonse yonena za zikalata kuti olemba mbiri yakale kukhala okhutitsidwa mu mbiri waukulu. Ndipo iwo akudziwa kuti musati molondola kusonyeza akamanena lonse zimene zinkachitika, monga mobwerezabwereza anasintha mokomera chipani cholamulira.

Kotero sitingathe ngakhale kulankhula pompano motsimikizira kotheratu zimene poyamba anali Khazars, chifukwa izo siziri mophweka ndi chipembedzo chawo. Ngati iwo sachita Chiyuda, Ayuda sanali mwa makolo awo.

Zinsinsi za imfa ya Khazar Khanate

Mu monographs Soviet mbiri angapezeke chiphunzitso chakuti Khazar Khanate anagwa chifukwa cha kusowa banal malo yamoyo, imene mbisoweka pansi pa madzi a m'Nyanja Caspian okhetsedwa. Mlembi wa kopanda ichi - L. N. Gumilev. Iye anandiuza kuti VII-VIII m'ma Khazars midzi yaikulu chifukwa cha kulakwa kwa nthaka ankangomumwaza yagwa. Komabe, Gumilev nthawi zonse kungoganizira kufika kwambiri.

Chiyuda - chifukwa cha kugwa kwa Khanate?

Azambiriyakale sinachokere Israeli anasonyeza chidwi kwambiri lingaliro. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti kugwa chifukwa chakuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa Khanate wa Chiyuda, zomwe zinachitika pa nthawi ya mtsogoleri Obadiya. Mwina, iyi Hagan anayamba ntchito yake ya umishonale penapake kumapeto kwa IX-X atumwi. Kutchulidwa kwa zochita zake angapezeke mu "The Life of Ioanna Gotskogo."

Arabic katswiri Masudi analemba kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chiyuda Hagan mu ufumu wake anayamba asonkhanitse Ayuda onse ku dziko lonse. Ayuda msanga njuchi ikuluikulu yolimba pafupifupi mizinda yonse Khazar, makamaka kwambiri a iwo anali mu Crimea, ndi likulu la Khazars (Valangiar) akukumana weniweni "Boom" cha kusamuka. ochuluka kwambiri akhazikika Itil. Malinga m'nthawi ya, "Ayuda kuzungulira mpando wachifumu wa Obadiya." Iwo amati Kagan anapatsa Ayuda ambiri maudindo, unaloledwa kukhala m'dziko lililonse mizinda. Kagan analimbikitsa yomanga m'masunagoge ndi masukulu achipembedzo, anali mwansangala ndi anamatetule Ayuda, mowolowa manja endowing iwo ndi ndalama.

Ayuda ophunzira kwambiri, kuwadziwa bwino malonda ... koma chikhulupiriro chawo, chimene chimawononga ndi Khanate. Takambirana kale za chakuti boma Khazar kale osati amasiyana machitidwe makamaka anayamba ntchitoyi. Kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu otchuka wapamwamba wa Chiyuda ndi anangochokapo ambiri a anthu amene kale anali ndi mphamvu pa kalikonse popanda kupembedza. Pakuti ambiri Khazars n'kumene maganizo a akulu, ndi iwo simunandidyetse chikondi wapadera kwa Ayuda.

A yolimbirana mphamvu mu Khaganate. Panali ndewu, ena Khazars ophatikizidwa ndi Turkey ndi Hungarians, amene anakhala padziko Pecheneg. Iwo kulowa migwirizano ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa zankhondo ndiponso zandale. M'nthawi anawatcha "Cabaret." Izi, makamaka, nthawi zambiri analemba Konstantin Porfirorodny.

N'zosadabwitsa mu lawi la nkhondo yapachiweniweni anatentha yekha Obadiya, ndi onse a m'malo mwake: Hezekiya ndi Manase. mphamvu yopanda magazi zilili analanda Chanukah, kubwera m'bale Obadiya. Pa nthawi imene Crimea, amene ali kunyumba kwa ochuluka a "m'zigawo", anadzudzula rapprochement ndi Ayuda, iye anabwera pansi pa protectorate wa Byzantium. Pa nthawi iyi mu dziko la Khazars anali patsogolo khamu Pechenegs, amene ndewu andale ndi achipembedzo uninteresting kwathunthu.

Monga kugwa kwa Kaganate mukopedwe zikuchokera mtundu wa Khazars?

Muyenera kumvetsa kuti popanda chidziwitso cha amazipotokola onsewa motsatana, simungathe kumvetsa amene anali Khazars ndi chiyambi. Mu zaka lotsiriza la Khanate ya kapangidwe kake mitundu anali modabwitsa zokongola. Ngati inu muwerenge nkhani yakuti, ndipo ndithudi kumvetsa kuti Khazars sitidakhala makamaka lonse mitundu gulu. anthu ofala ndi zipembedzo ankasinthana mu kaganate pa mlingo zosaneneka.

Kotero inu potsiriza ichi, kupereka zitsanzo moyo wa malemu Khanate. Choncho, mu 730 Kagan Bulan kuvomereza Chiyuda. M'chaka 737, zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha kenako, Khazars (zithunzi zina zotsalira za nyengo imeneyo ndi m'nkhani) adzinenera Islam. Ndi 740 775 chaka iwo kukhala Akhristu odzipereka mu zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Byzantine Mfumu Konstantina Kopronima. Ndi 786 wa chaka 809 - Islam kachiwiri. Izi nthawi ndi mdalitso wa Baghdad Caliph Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid. Ndi 799 a 809 zaka, ife tikudziwa Kagan Obadiya kachiwiri kulimbikitsa "Chiyuda kwa atumwiwo."

Ethnographers amakhulupirira kuti pasanathe zaka 100, kotero Khazars anaphatikizana ndi anthu kudzinenera Chikhristu ndi Chisilamu, kuti gulu awo oyambirira mitundu pafupifupi kanthu katsalira. Kugonjetsedwa komaliza kwa Khazar Khanate (kapena m'malo ake okha) kamodzinso anatsimikizira adziwe kuti mapangidwe boma amphamvu akusowa amphamvu chapakati ulamuliro, zomwe, mwa zinthu zina, akhoza kuganizira zofuna za anthu ake onse.

Final imfa Kaganate

Sadzachitanso chaka chigamulo lotsiriza la Chiyuda anayamba kupweteka pang'onopang'ono wa State: 810 820 zaka za kulakwa kwake adzazunzidwa kale kwa ife, cabaret; ndi 822 wa 836 zaka panali nthawi zonse nkhondo ya Hungarians. Ndi 829 a 842 chaka ulamuliro Byzantine Mfumu Teofilo, amene anapanga njira mu Khazar Khanate kusagwirizana komaliza. Mu 965 Svyatoslav trashes Khazar asilikali, kenako Kagan Bulan III kachitatu (!) Ankalalikira ndi chipembedzo cha boma cha Chiyuda. Komanso panali kugonjetsedwa lathunthu la Khazar Khanate?

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi lonse mitundu ndi zipembedzo leapfrog pa chakuti Khazars Pamapeto pake anaphatikizana ndi Asilamu. Choncho, poyamba mafuko Turkic, amene anatha kulenga zinthu mwachilungamo kwambiri maphunziro onse, kuti linasiiratu paokha m'dziko lawo.

anapezazo

pamwamba pa zonse zikusonyeza kuti Khazars mosavuta kulibe kwenikweni. Komanso, khanate ndi Ndipotu akhoza kukhala kwawo mbiri ya Ayuda. Azamulungu, amakhulupirira kuti chiyambi cha Judaism (ndi Chikhristu ndi Chisilamu) Pankhaniyi anali mizimu ambiri a mitundu woyendayendawu. Izi, poyamba, ali kwambiri zimaonekera Christianity, sitidziwa dzina la Mulungu, koma tiyenera kuganiza kuti zonse, ndi chisomo Chake ndi kulikonse. Choncho, mafuko Turkic achita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa lamakonoli, pakuti iwo anapatsa anthu mmodzi.