Alexander 2 anali chiyani? a mfumu umunthu. Wambiri, mu ulamuliro

Choyamba chaka cha 1881 anali choviikidwa mu magazi a Mfumu, analowa mu mbiri ya Russia monga wochititsa lalikulu la kusintha, molondola unayeneradi epithet anamupatsa mwa anthu mpulumutsi. Pa tsiku limeneli Mfumu Alexander 2 (ulamuliro - 1855-1881) anaphedwa ndi bomba anaponyedwa ndi Narodnaya Volya Ignatius Grinevitsky.

Zaka oyambirira wolowa

April 17, 1818 pa Moscow chinapululutsa bingu wa makombola - kukhala m'nyumba ya bishopu wa banja lachifumu anabadwa wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu, analandira pa Ubatizo Woyera dzina Alexander. Mfundo chidwi: atafa Peter Ine akulamulira yekha Russia, anabadwa mu likulu lake wakale, iye anali - tsogolo Mfumu Alexander 2.

yonena amasonyeza kuti ali mwana woyenera kudzalowa ufumu kunachitika pansi pa maso diso la atate wake. Mfumu Nicholas Ine tcheru kwambiri ndi maphunziro a mwana wake. Ntchito ya namkungwi Alexander tapatsidwa wolemba ndakatulo wotchuka V. A. Zhukovskogo, amene osati anamuphunzitsa chinenero cha Chirasha, komanso anabzala mnyamata chimango ambiri chikhalidwe. Special komanso kulamulidwa monga zilankhulo, zochita nkhondo, chilamulo ndi mbiri wopatulika, anaphunzitsidwa aphunzitsi a nthawi.

An chikondi wosalakwa wamng'ono

Mwina mawu a aphunzitsi kwawo, ndi ena okalamba V. A. Zhukovskogo unakhudzadi awo pa kutsitsimuka kwa achinyamata Alexander. Malinga ndi Maulendo a m'nthawi, kumeneko anayamba kuwonetsa chizolowezi chikondi kungotengeka maganizo, chimene chinapangitsa kusakhutira wa bambo ake a munthu, mwa njira, komanso si tchimo. Amadziwika kuti pa ulendo wopita ku London, Sasha anachita chidwi ndi mtsikana - tsogolo Korolevoy Viktoriey, koma maganizo amenewa zoyembekezeka adzafota.

Yambani ntchito boma

Mfumu Nicholas ndinayamba kuti agwirizane mwana wake amchigulu. Sadzachitanso kufika akula, anadziŵa mu Senate ndi Synod Woyera. Udzakhalire m'tsogolo mfumu mmene ufumuwo, iye ayenera kusamalira bambo ake anam'tumiza mu 1837 pa ulendo wopita ku Russia, imene Alexander anapita zigawo makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi zitatu. Pambuyo pake, anapita ku Ulaya yothandiza chidziwitso ndi kumaliza maphunziro ake.

Board Alexander 2 inayamba mu 1855, nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa imfa linasokonekera zaka makumi atatu kwa ufumu wa atate wake Nicholas I. The cholowa analandira mavuto kugwirizana ndi funso wamba, mavuto azachuma ndi kusochera Crimea nkhondo, kuika Russia mu mkhalidwe kudzipatula lonse. Onse a iwo amafuna njira yomweyo.

Pakufunika kuti kusintha

Pofuna kubweretsa dziko mwa mavuto anafunika kusintha, kufunika amene malinga ndi moyo. The woyamba anali chiyembekezo chakuti midzi usilikali, analowa kumbuyo mu 1810. Mfumu anatumiza kachigawo kamodzi ka cholembera akale chachikale chinkawavuta, iwo sangapindule ndi Army ndipo imautsa kuphulika chikhalidwe. Ndi Pankhaniyi mwamsanga kwambiri ndipo anayamba kusintha kwake Alexander 2.

Chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom

maziko adayikapo. Pambuyo pake, mfumu Alexander 2 ikuchitika kuphedwa kwa cholinga chake chachikulu mbiri - chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. Amadziwika kuti akufunikira mwachita kulemba zambiri Mfumukazi Catherine Wachiwiri, koma zaka kuzunza anthu sanali wokonzeka kusintha kwakukulu, ndi wolamulira wa iwo mwanzeru kusala.

Tsopano, mu zaka za m'ma XIX, Alexander 2, amene adzadziwire kumaoneka ndi zenizeni osiyana kwambiri mbiri, amadziwa kuti ngati mulibe athetseretu ukapolo kudzera malamulo Likhale ndi detonator kuti adzauka pa ngozi ya dziko chosintha kuphulika.

The view likugwiranso ndi mayiko ambiri pang'onopang'ono kwa zachilengedwe, koma mabwalo bwalo anapanga chitsutso chachikulu ndi otchuka lopangidwa ndi akuluakulu a ulamuliro zapitazi, ndaleredwa mu nyumba ndi mzimu malamulo a Nicholas I.

Komabe, 1881 kusintha yagwiridwira, ndi mamilioni a serfs kuti mukhale ofanana m'dziko la Russia. Komabe, izi zinachititsa kuti vuto watsopano, umene anathana Alexander 2. Mwachidule, zithupsa pansi chakuti kuyambira tsopano wamba ufulu kunali koyenera kupereka njira yopezera zofunika pa moyo, ndiye, dziko a landlords lapansi. Njira yothetsera vutoli anakokera kwa zaka zambiri.

Finance ndi kusintha kwa maphunziro apamwamba

Chotsatira zofunika, omwe amalembedwa ulamuliro wa Alexander 2 anali kusintha ndalama. Chifukwa cha chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu Russia anapanga ndi mtundu zosiyana za chuma - capitalist. The chuma cha boma, zochokera msonkho kafukufuku sanali akwaniritsa zofunikira za nthawi. Pakuti wamakono ake mu 1860-1862 biennium. Iwo amalenga bungwe watsopano pa dziko - boma banki. Komanso, kuyambira tsopano bajeti mogwirizana ndi kusintha ovomerezedwa ndi Council Boma Mfumu panokha.

zaka ziwiri pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom, nthawi yafika kusintha maphunziro apamwamba. Izi kanthu zofunika odzipereka mu 1863 yakeyi atsopano a Alexander 2. Chitani akhoza monga kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko enieni gulu la ndondomeko maphunziro ku mayunivesite anafotokoza. M'pomveka kunena kuti kusintha uyu anali owolowa manja kwambiri kwa onse imachitika pa ulamuliro wotsatira.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Zemstvos ndi Kuthi ndi alikukonzeka

Zofunika zochita malamulo anakhala kumidzi ndi kusintha milandu, akuyendera 1864. Pamene pakufunika kulemba iwo akutsogolera kanjedza onse. mawu awa anatsutsa chitsutso chomwecho, amene maganizo mwina koma mvetserani, Alexander 2.

Umunthu wa mfumu ichi makamaka yodziwika ndi chilakolako chake zonse moyenera pakati pa mitengo iwiri osiyana maganizo - ndi anzeru kupata ndi bwalo ndiwofatsa. Komabe, mu nkhani iyi anasonyeza kulimba.

Chifukwa cha ikuchitika awiri zaluso zofunika kwambiri boma - kusintha kuti kukonzanso moyo lotha dongosolo lake onse milandu m'njira European, ndipo chachiwiri, kusintha dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka ntchito.

Kutembenuka asilikali

Kenaka limodzi ndi m'tawuni kusintha boma sekondale ndi asilikali, chifukwa cha chidaperekedwa ndi a kusinthika kuchokera kupeza kuti usilikali. kulinganiza yaikulu ndi woyendetsa moyo anali, poyamba, Alexander 2.

yonena wake ndi chitsanzo cha mmene vutoli wolimba ntchito, koma sizigwirizana wolamulira wa dzikolo. Kuyesa kuphatikiza zochitika za zinthu yotsutsana ya strata zinthu, chifukwa kunapezeka kuti mlendo ndi chosintha okonda wamba la anthu, ndiponso apamwamba pamwamba.

Mabanja mfumu

Alexander 2 - ndi Mipikisano faceted umunthu. Pamodzi ndi rationality ozizira, pali coexisted The zikamera izi mu unyamata wake Ambiri Amakonda zinthu zachikondi. A mndandanda wa zakanthawi okonzera intrigue ndi adzakazi a ulemu wa bwalo si linasokonekera ngakhale pambuyo ukwati wake ndi Mfumukazi Mariey Avgustoy wa Hesse, amene anatenga dzina la Orthodoxy Maria Alexandrovna. Iye anali mkazi wachikondi, anapatsidwa mphatso ya chikhululukiro oona mtima. Atamwalira chifukwa cha TB, mfumu anakwatira wake mbuye wakhala nthawi yaitali Ekaterina Mikhailovna Dolgorukova amene imfa yake yoopsya anali oopsa nkhonya.

Mapeto a moyo wa wokonzanso kwambiri

Alexander 2 - munthu zomvetsa chisoni chawo. mphamvu zonse ndi mphamvu Yoswa kuwuka kwa Russia mlingo European, koma zochita zawo kwakukulukulu linapereka kwa nascent pa nthawi imeneyo m'dziko la mphamvu yowononga, boma vvergshim kenako mu kusintha wamagazi. Kupha Sitefano Alexander 2 anali kugwirizana yomaliza unyolo kuukira chadzidzidzi pa iye. Amene pali asanu ndi awiri.

Comaliza, ndalama moyo wa mfumu, anapangidwa March 1, 1881 pa Catherine Ngalande Embankment ku St. Petersburg. Iwo unapangidwa bungwe ndi anachita ndi gulu la zigawenga amene amadzitcha "Narodnaya Volya". Iwo wapangidwa ndi anthu a strata osiyanasiyana a anthu. Iwo sadziwa mmene kumanga dziko latsopano amene amangokhalira kulankhula, koma iwo anali ogwirizana ndi chilakolako kuwononga maziko a akale.

Pofuna kuti izi Anthu anapulumutsa ngakhalenso miyoyo ya anthu ambiri ena ake. Maganizo awo kuphedwa kwa Alexander 2 anali kukhala chizindikiro kwa kugalukira ambiri, koma kwenikweni walenga tanthauzo la kuopa ndi kugwetsedwa pa anthu, nthawi zonse kuwonekera pamene lamulo akuponderezedwa ndi mphamvu chakuthengo. Today Chipilala kwa Tsar angamasuledi ndi kachisi wa "Mpulumutsi pa Magazi" anamangidwa pa malo a imfa yake.