Nyukiliya sitima. Nyukiliya nkhondowo sitima chida system (BZHDRK, mzimu sitima). RT 23 MOLODETS

Pakati zosiyanasiyana machitidwe njira launchers akukumana zida ndi maiko otchuka dziko, asilikali sitima chida system (chidule BZHRK) lerolino ndi kubadwanso. Izi ntchito ndi zifukwa zingapo, koma pamaso panu bzace, yang'anani ichi ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale masiku ano chitetezo. M'njiramo tidzayesetsa kuti tipeze chimene chinachitika kwa sitima ya nyukiliya Lakale.

BZHRK ndi chiyani?

Choyamba, ndi sitima, pa magalimoto amene anayikidwa ayi okwera, akuthamangira patchuthi kapena kukachita bizinesi, ndi akatundu chikuyembekezeka mu madera osiyana a dziko, ndi mizinga zakupha, chifukwa mogwira mtima kwakukulu kwa kuukira okonzeka ndi zokwana nyukiliya. chiwerengero chawo zimasiyanasiyana kukula kwa zovuta ndi.

Komabe, pali okwera - ndi luso thandizo ogwira Battle sitima chida dongosolo, komanso unit tasked ndi chitetezo chilichonse. Part magalimoto kuti lizichirikiza zotheka sayansi ndi ena machitidwe onse kuponyedwa bwino ndi kumumenya mipherezero kulikonse mu dziko.

Monga sitima modzaza katundu zakupha, mofananira kuti warship, iye kawirikawiri anapatsidwa dzina ntchito ndiye ngati dzina lake lenileni. Mwachitsanzo, 15P961 "mwachita." Ngati gawo loyamba la dzina si yabwino kwambiri katchulidwe, ndipo sanakumbukire yomweyo, ndiye lachiwiri ndithu nyimbo zokoma ndi bwino kuti khutu. Kwa iye ngakhale mukufuna kuwonjezera mawu akuti "wabwino", koma poyerekezera ndi zovuta likhoza kuwononga mu nkhani mphindi pafupifupi boma European, adjective izi si zovomerezeka.

Dazeni "Chabwino" kutchinga Mama

Chotero mgugu "ouma chapamwamba mlomo" mu nthawi kuchokera 1987 mpaka 1994 mu dziko lathu anali khumi ndi ziwiri. Onse a iwo anali pa udindo wa Strategic chida Mphamvu ndi, maudindo waukulu, anali munthu zambiri, imapezeka mu zolembedwa za luso, - RT 23 UTTKh. Mu zaka wotsatira, mmodzi ndi mmodzi iwo anachotsedwa ntchito, ankaiphwasula, kotero kuti pofika chaka cha 2007 ku asilikali awo ulemerero awiri okha, anaika mu Museum wa Russian onyamula Zikuchititsa.

Mwa njira, RT 23 UTTKh inayamba mu Soviet Union zovuta kokha, kumene anayamba mu kupanga mtanda. Development wa machitidwe ofanana anali kumenyana zaka zambirimbiri, koma Mipingo ya anabweretsedwa ku siteji, amaloledwa kutenga nawo paulendowu. chizindikiro "chiwerengero sitima ziro" anapatsidwa kwa mobisa ya sitima ya mtundu uwu.

chitukuko American m'munda chimodzimodzi

Amadziwika kuti pa Cold nkhondo, achilendo, okonza makamaka American ntchito pa chilengedwe cha sitima onyamula imfa nyukiliya ku magalimoto awo. Chifukwa cha kupambana kumene Soviet nzeru utumiki, komanso cophimba mwachinsinsi ozungulira zonse zimene kugwirizana ndi makampani chitetezo, zaka zimenezo, wowerenga anali bwino ndi nkhani chitukuko kuposa zomwe wa gunsmiths m'deralo.

Kodi umapezeka malipoti awo amphamvu wathu "Stirlitz"? Chifukwa cha iwo, amadziwika kuti kumayambiriro kwa zaka zao za sikisite anaonekera woyamba olimba mafuta intercontinental mu US ballistic mzinga, akuti "Minuteman". Poyerekeza ndi akapolo anzawo akale, kuthamanga mafuta madzi, iwo anali ndi ubwino kwambiri. Choyamba, panalibe Pre-kuyamba cholusa, kuwonjezera, kwambiri kuchuluka kukana kwake kudabwitsa ndi kugwedera, womangidwa kwa mkatimkati zoyendera.

Iwo saloledwa kuti nkhondowo chida imalankhula mwachindunji ku nsanja pasitimayo ndi kuwapanga iwo pafupifupi invulnerable likhoza nkhondo. Vuto zinali kokha kuti tikhoza kuyamba roketi okha mosamalitsa kumatanthauza, malo mwapadera okonzeka, monga kachitidwe kawo malangizo linamangidwa Pre-kuwerengera ndondomeko.

America mu kuwala kwa "Big Star"

A yojambula chidwi kuti kunapangitsa kuti akonze sitima ku US ndi mivi nyukiliya wakhala zikuluzikulu ndikupeleka anachita mu 1961 ndipo unachitikira pa dzina chinsinsi "Big Star". Monga mbali ya chochitika ichi sitima, ndi zinachitika kwa dongosolo m'tsogolo chida anadutsa maukonde ntchito mwa njanji dziko.

Cholinga cha ntchito yonseyi anali kuyesa kuyenda awo ndi n'zotheka kupezeka pazipita wa United States. Pambuyo opaleshoni, zotsatira zake analemba, ndipo pa maziko cholinga sitima nkhokwe nyukiliya amene ali maroketi zisanu "Minuteman".

Chokana polojekiti alipo

Komabe, chitukuko ameneyu kufika pa bolodi. Poyamba izo anaganiza kuti mu 1962 makampani chitetezo ya dziko makumi atatu a sitima izi adzamasulidwa, ndi zida okwana maroketi zana ndi makumi asanu. Koma pa mapeto a ntchito kamangidwe ka ndalama ntchito anaona kwambiri, ndiponso chifukwa linasiyidwa.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, wanga launchers olimba "Minuteman" anapezeka aluso, ndi kuti ankakonda. awo mwayi angatsutse ndi mtengo wotsika mwachilungamo molondola kutetezedwa Soviet intercontinental mivi ballistic kuti analibe nthawi kuti wofunikila molondola chiwonongeko cha akumenya.

Chifukwa cha polojekiti, limene akatswiri American ntchito mu 1961, chinatsekedwa ndipo wayamba kale pamaziko a sitima ake ntchito yonyamula yemweyo "Minuteman" ku alimi mafakitale zapansi zomera, kumene wopereka analamula wanga.

zochitika zaposachedwapa anapangidwa US

Latsopano kutsogolera chilengedwe, mu America a sitima amatha kunyamula zida za nyukiliya anali zikamera mu 1986 molemera intercontinental ballistic mzinga wa mbadwo watsopano LGM-118A, yemwenso amadziwika ndi dzina wamfupi wa MX.

Mwa nthawi imeneyi chinawonjezeka kwambiri zokhudza luso la mivi Soviet cholinga kuwononga mdani chida launchers. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mwapadera linaperekedwa kwa akum'kokera MX Kusinthaku.

Pambuyo kutsutsana kwambiri pakati pa mbali ya chikhalidwe silo-analamula ndi owatsutsa kukondera ndipo kunatha zinachititsa kuti maroketi makumi asanu anaiika wanga, ndi chimodzimodzi pa nsanja latsopano, makamaka wokonzedwera kwa cholinga ichi zikuchokera.

Komabe, chitukuko ichi analibe tsogolo. Mu nineties oyambirira chifukwa kusintha kwa ulamulilo wokomela zomwe zachitika mu dziko lathu, Chidani Nkhondo itatha, ndi pulogalamu kukhazikitsa sitima maofesi nyukiliya pakutayika kufunika kwake, chatsekedwa. Panopa Zimenezi si anapereka ndipo zikuoneka si wakonzedwa zaka kudza.

Latsopano chitukuko cha CB "Kumwera"

Koma tiyeni kubwerera ku Mama. Tsopano si nkhondo chinsinsi mudziwe kuti nyukiliya woyamba sitima ya USSR anayamba udzakhazikitsidwa mogwirizana ndi dongosolo la Utumiki wa silikhali, Mukalowa mu January 1969. Chitukuko cha ntchito yapadera imeneyi anapatsidwa Maofesi "South" kenako ntchito ziwiri zikuluzikulu asayansi Soviet - academicians, abale Alexei Fedorovich ndi Vladimir Fodorovich Utkiny. Anatsogolera ntchito yatsopano.

Malinga ndi ndondomeko ambiri, kulenga 15P961 "mwachita BZHRK" (Battle sitima chida dongosolo) ankaufulula kubwezera Goliyati, monga kuyenda wake ndi kuzikonzanso survivability kuloledwa ndikuyembekeza kuti iye angathe kupulumuka mu chochitika mwadzidzidzi kuukira nyukiliya mdani. Malo omwe anapangidwa zofunika zida zake chida anali mu Pavlograd Mawotchi Bzalani. Izi zofunika njira malo mu kubisala mu zaka amene ankatsatira amati wa ziwembu zopulula PO "Pivdenmash".

Mavuto amene amakumana mu chitukuko

Mu Maulendo Ake, V. F. Utkin analemba kuti ntchito anawatumiza iwo akutengera movutikira yaikulu. Iwo anali wopangidwa makamaka chakuti zovuta anafunika m'njira ochiritsira sitima pamodzi ndi sitima ina, ndipo mfundo kulemera ngakhale chida chimodzi ndi Launcher ake anali matani zana ndi makumi asanu.

NdiAmene polojekiti anali gulu la mavuto insoluble koyamba. Mwachitsanzo, mmene kuyika zida mu sitima ophimba, ndi mmene nthawi ndi ufulu kupereka malo ofukula? Kodi kuonetsetsa chitetezo pa zoyendera pankhani mlandu nyukiliya? Kodi kupirira katundu lingamutsatire analengedwa pa ndime ya zikuchokera, njanji muyezo, sitima embankments ndi milatho? Pomaliza, kuyima pamenepo pa nthawi ya kuyambira maroketi sitima? mafunso onsewa ndipo okonza ambiri anali kupeza mayankho mabuku ndi lomveka.

Mzimu sitima, ndi amene amakwanitsa iwo

Kale chaka chamawa sitima ya zida za nyukiliya anapangidwa maroketi 15ZH61, anayesedwa m'madera osiyanasiyana nyengo ya dziko - kuchokera m'chipululu cha ku Central Asia kuti M'madera a zitunda kumalo ozizira. Khumi nthawi anapita mizere sitima ya dziko, atacita okwana makilomita pafupifupi hafu miliyoni ndi kuchita pa cosmodrome "Plesetsk" nkhondowo imalankhula mivi yake.

Pambuyo zikuchokera woyamba mmene gulu Zithunzi pansi chiwerengero ziro, ndipo anaonekera mapasa. Monga inu patsogolo kudzera lililonse mayeso mzimu sitima anaima pa ntchito mu umodzi wa chida regiments la dzikolo. Katumikira ogwira ake inkakhala asilikali makumi asanu ndi awiri.

Wamba sankaloledwa. Ngakhale amaika makina ndi ogwira awo anachita ensigns ndi alonda amene ali ophunzitsidwa mwapadera kuchita sitima. mivi nyukiliya chomwecho inali pansi pa maso kuyang'aniridwa ndi akatswiri. Ndi chiyambi cha 1991 mu USSR anakakhala chida atatu okhala ndi mabomba anali njanji.

Iwo anali amphamvu nyukiliya nkhonya, waluso, ngati n'koyenera adzaphwanya m'dani aliyense. Wokwanira kuti aliyense magawano amenewa anali sitima khumi onyamula zida zoponyedwa zanyukiliya. Masiku amenewo, Unduna wa chitetezo wa USSR ndi ntchito yaikulu zachitika. Mkati mwa utali wozungulira wa makilomita chikwi ku malo a njanji muyezo regimental n'kuyamba ankawonjezereka kupirira Roketi sitima katundu nyukiliya omwe amafunika kusamala owonjezera.

Zosakhalitsa kuyimitsidwa mapulogalamu BZHRK

kusintha kwambiri BZHRK kulondera maulendo anapangidwa pambuyo pa msonkhano M. S. Gorbachova ndi Margaret Thatcher unachitika mu 1991. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, malinga ndi pangano anafika, palibe sitima mzimu sanadzisiyira malo awo analamula okhazikika, otsala Komabe, mabungwe monga n'kupuma nkhondowo unit. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, chiwerengero cha mapangano Mukalowa mu zaka zikubwerazi, Russia anayenera kupuma onse nkhondo zochokera sitima sitima, potero kusiya mtundu wa zida njira.

"Barguzin" (BZHRK)

Komabe, kwa wolephera wa mizinga Russian, wokwera sitima, osachepera msanga. Kumapeto kwa 2013 TV inanena kuti poyankha angapo mapulogalamu zida US m'dziko lathu adapitiriza ntchito pa chilengedwe cha sitima chida kumangopitirizabe.

Makamaka panali yokhudza chitukuko latsopano limene Yehova anapanga pamaziko a zipangizo zatsopano, lomwe lili ndi dzina "Barguzin" (BZHRK). Pakuti magawo ake onse ndi cholinga cholinga asagwe pansi pa mndandanda wa zoletsa anapereka ndi pangano mayiko wa START-3 choncho kupanga ake si zosemphana ndi malamulo adziko lonse lapansi.

Malinga ndi malipoti, chida kunyamula warhead nyukiliya ndipo zida ndi angapo reentry warhead, zakonzedwa kuika mu galimoto, ananamizira ngati muyezo firiji sitima, ndi kutalika mamita twente-foro.

Ovuta "Barguzin" akuyenera akonzekeretse mizinga ya "yars" makamaka zochokera mathirakitala. Phunzitsani atumiza mwayi mu nkhani iyi ndi zoonekeratu. Ngati nthaka makhazikitsidwe ndi mosavuta zimadziŵika ku malo, dongosolo BZHRK ndi osiyana ochiritsira sitima yonyamula katundu ngakhale kuzionetsetsa pafupi. Komanso, kayendedwe ka dongosolo sitima zida ndi kangapo mtengo kuposa pansi, zochokera losiyanasiyana mathirakitala.

Ubwino ndi kuipa BZHRK

Atamaliza kukambirana za kachitidwe njanji mzinga, n'koyenera kuti akhale ponse pa ubwino amadziwika ndi kuipa kwa mtundu wa chida. Mwa ubwino wake angatsutse akatswiri onani mkulu sayenda magalimoto, angathe kusintha analamula, kugonjetsa dzana zikwi makilomita, nthawi zambiri kuposa kanjedza chogwirizana wa mathirakitala. Komanso, ayenera kuganizira mkulu katundu mphamvu sitima, pa nthawi yomweyo amatha magalimoto matani mazana.

Koma sitingathe amanyalanyaza chibadidwe zina zovuta. Pakati pawo tiyenera kuunikila bvuto ndi masking sitima chifukwa cha mbali ya kasinthidwe, lomwe zimatithandiza kudziwika zikuchokera ntchito masiku ano Kanema reconnaissance. Komanso, poyerekeza ndi nkhokwezi sitima zochepa kutetezedwa zotsatira za kuphulika yoweyula. Mu chochitika cha bomba la nyukiliya kuti amapangidwa kulikonse m'deralo, mwina imawonongeka kapena linathetsedwa.

Pomaliza, sangathe chapadera cha anagubuduza katundu monga machitidwe chonyamulira chida mosalephera mu Zikatero kuvala njanji mayendedwe, kuteteza ntchito zina za BZHRK ndi ochiritsira sitima. Komabe, umisiri wamakono kulola bwinobwino kuthetsa mavuto ambiri awa, chotero kutsegula chiyembekezo cha chitukuko motalikira wamakono wa sitima chida kumangopitirizabe.