Mawu akuti "Company" zikuphatikizapo ... Lingaliro ndi maonekedwe a anthu

mfundo zikuluzikulu za aliyense anthu ayenera kudziwa. Ndipotu ife moyo osati kwayekha, koma nthumwi zake. Tikupereka kuphunzira tanthauzo la "anthu" lingaliro. Kuyamba, ife azipereka tanthauzo otchuka. Society - kuyanjana kwa anthu amene pamodzi wotetezedwa gawo, mkulu dongosolo malamulo, chikhalidwe, malamulo a khalidwe, Zamakhalidwe, kulola zovuta kulenga anthu ake adzadziwire moyo ndi chikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo mphamvu anthu a wina wosakwatiwa lonse.

Lingaliro la "anthu" mu Sociology

Lero, ife timanena mawu a "anthu", nthawi zambiri popanda kuganizira icho chiri. Sociology sayansi ndi kupereka tanthauzo bwino mfundo imeneyi, chifukwa anthu - chinthu kuphunzira. Tikumbukenso kuti sayansi zosiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zokhudzira ziwiri.

Zizindikiro za anthu ndi E. Shils

Choyamba, mfundo "anthu" zikuphatikizapo pankhani ya mapangidwe yeniyeni chikhalidwe, monga Hrs, mbiri yakale, ndale ndiponso zachuma. Society, mogwirizana ngakhale mfundo banja, - kuposa gulu kapena dera. Kugwiritsa lingaliro ili, ife kawirikawiri mu malingaliro aliwonse, mbiri yeniyeni (ano, ang'onoang'ono, wosazindikira), kapena khola ndi dera lalikulu la anthu, imodzimodzi mu malire ake ndi boma (chimangidwe Russian), kapena ya Ayuda amenewa, omwe amaphatikiza moyo ndi mfundo mlingo wofanana wa zaumisiri (ano Western anthu). ndi embodiments onse pamwamba amaphatikizidwa motere: anthu akuimira dongosolo wathunthu, amene isanafalikire mu malire okhwima kanthawi ndi okhudza malo. Mfundo imeneyi imagwiranso ntchito kwa nthawi yakale, chiwerengero cha mamembala a kusonkhana uliwonse wa anthu, ngati akumana i ena. Iwo anakonza ndi E. Shils. Zizindikiro kuti mfundo za "anthu" zikuphatikizapo.

1. Mgwirizano si mbali ya anthu akuluakulu (dongosolo).

2. maukwati ndi advantageously pakati pa mamembala a ubale.

3. Makamaka chifukwa ana a anthu amene ali kale anazindikira mwa oimira ake, ndi kudzadza anthu.

4. mabwenzi gawo lakelake.

5. lili ndi mbiri yake ndipo dzina lake.

6. ali mwini ulamuliro dongosolo lawo.

7. Pali kuyanjana kwa nthawi yaitali poyerekezera ndi moyo amayembekezeka munthu.

8. Onse auchimo, mwinamwake kudziwika monga chikhalidwe, Chili izo (Ndi miyambo, malamulo, miyambo, miyambo, malamulo, malamulo).

i Society allocated ya Sociology

zingapo akatswiri zoweta kukhulupirira kuti lingaliro la "anthu" zikuphatikizapo mfundo zotsatirazi:

- pamaso pa izo m'dera lomwelo, ndilo maziko zinthu ubale chikhalidwe amene angapeze mkati mwake;

- mabuku (konsekonse);

- kudziyimira pawokha, mwachitsanzo luso kulibe paokha ndi paokha;

- integrative, ndiko kuti, anthu akhoza kusewera mu mibadwo watsopano ndi kukhala nyumba zawo, kulingana ndi cikhalidwe pazikhalanso anthu atsopano.

Society - zenizeni chikhalidwe

Tanthauzo lachiwiri la "anthu", umoyo-ndi akatswiri mwangwiro sociological, yafupika mfundo ina - ndi "chowonadi chikhalidwe". Mwanjira imeneyi ndi "chikhalidwe" anthu sangathe yafupika ntchito gulu la anthu okha ku chotsatira cha individualities awo. Malinga ndi umboni wazotsatira, kuphunzira Chaanthu m'madera ndi magulu (amitundu, makalasi, mtundu, banja) monga mabungwe gulu lomwe ndi mbali ya cohesion ndipo maonekedwe ake. Komanso amafufuza njira imene alimi amenewa ndi hierarchically pansi lonse - mudziko lonse. Phunziro gulu, milingo structural, limasonyeza kuli ubwenzi zenizeni za umodzi, amene akumverera aliyense nawo.

mitundu anthu

Njira yabwino kwambiri pofotokoza anthu ndi thandizo la typologies. Ndipo iwo kupereka mlingo kofunika rigor ndi msinkhu zolandirika generalization. typologies oterewa aliko kwambiri.

Mtundu wa anthu kwenikweni anatsimikiza mtima akafuna kupanga, ndiye momwe kulamulidwa ndi ntchito njira yopanga ndi chuma chuma kuti ali. Siyanitsani pankhaniyi Mwachitsanzo, chikominisi, zokomera, capitalist, ang'onoang'ono ndi kapolo kukhala anthu. Iwo zigwire pa maziko a ubale wa anthu njira ya ulimi, koposa zonse, ubale katundu. Chinthu chofunika koposa njira imeneyi amakhala alipo mu chitukuko azimuth awo njira ina. Mukhozanso kusankha zambiri, pambuyo mafakitale ndi anthu mafakitale. Iwo ikhoza zochokera ntchito mwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana sayansi ndi luso ndiponso sayansi latsopano. Chinthu chofunika koposa njira imeneyi, kumakhaladi sayansi ndi luso patsogolo, ndipo, monga adanena kwa zaka za m'ma 19 Durkheim, sangathe kuyenda popanda kufunika kuchuluka kwa gulu, ntchito amandimvera.

kumvetsa maganizo

kuzindikira maganizo a anthu ndi singathe pamwambapa mfundo umoyo-aumunthu. Iwo anapatsidwa ndi tanthauzo. Lililonse mawonedwe maganizo amapereka mythologized kuzindikira chimangidwe; ndi kumvetsa kwake kwa woyikidwa zithunzi maganizo cliché, matanthauzo m'nthano. mmene anthu amaonera "mdera lathu", anawona kuchokera mkati, ofanana pankhani imeneyi kwa chifaniziro cha chilengedwe. nkhani yake lonse amatikumbutsa "nthano za pachiyambi", kupezeka pa aliyense wa anthu a ofotokoza za chochitika chimene chinayamba dziko (iwo akutchedwa "pervosobytiem"). Komabe, ngati m'madera wosazindikira, nthano za chiyambi kwenikweni kulankhula za chiyambi cha malire, epics ndi nthano magulu "m'mbiri" ndi funso wachibale, momwe iwo adzathe anatuluka pambuyo kuswa. Mwachitsanzo, mbiri ya anthu a ku America, limene limayamba ndi makolo woyamba. Ngati ife kulankhula za dziko lathu, tikhoza kutenga dziko Soviet yomwe inayamba ndi October kuukira boma.

kumvetsa wazotsatira wa anthu

Society akhoza angaonere pamaso pa empiricism. Mwanjira imeneyi, ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha chabe a moyo. Kuti ndi lingaliro la "anthu" a m'magulu ena onse chikhalidwe.

System tanthauzo bungwe R. Koenig

Monga mukuonera, kaonedwe lero ali yosiyanasiyana. mfundo yaikulu ya anthu, anapereka pamwamba, kuganizira ina mbali yake, osati ena. Choncho, zikuoneka mulingo woyenera dongosolo tanthauzo. mfundo zake ndi maonekedwe a anthu amapereka wasayansi R. Koenig. Malinga ndi tanthauzo la kafukufuku, izo bwino kwa anthu a:

- mtundu wa moyo;

- maganizo ndi chuma mgwirizano zochokera Mapangano;

- yeniyeni chikhalidwe umodzi, anthu ophunzira;

- akonzedwa a magulu a anthu, kuti ndi anthu kwathunthu;

- mtundu wa anthu, mbiri yeniyeni;

- zenizeni chikhalidwe, umene ndi ubale wa anthu ndi njira chikhalidwe ndi nyumba zochokera maubwenzi amenewa.

tanthauzo lenileni la "anthu" ndi zizindikiro zake tikudziŵa. Tiyeni tsopano tikambirane mafunso okhudzana.

Dziko, Boma Society

Kuphunzira nkhani ngati mfundo ndi dongosolo la anthu, ayenera bwino kumasulila tanthauzo la mawu ena ndi kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa iwo. Tikuyankhula zokhudza mfundo monga "mtundu", "boma" ndi "anthu."

Society ndi chifukwa mbiri wa anthu, mwachibadwa ikusintha.

State - izi ndi yokumba ndale kumanga, koleji kapena bungwe cholinga kusamalira maubwenzi amenewa. Lingaliro la anthu ndi boma, monga mmene uonela - osati chinthu chomwecho.

Pomaliza, dziko monga mfundo ndi mungafike pakati pa awiri, chifukwa nayenso ndi anthu (gulu la anthu, mwachibadwa anakhazikitsa) ndi State (monga ali m'malire boma).

Lingaliro la boma chikhalidwe ndi anthu

Service chitukuko cholinga chachikulu cha boma. Ziyenera kukhala bwino kudziwa akuluakulu. Modern anthu Russian chaperekedwa kwa kumanga boma chikhalidwe, chimene chidzakhala kuchita ntchito zotsatirazi:

- kuonetsetsa bata ndi mtendere chikhalidwe anthu, pali kutsutsana chidwi arbitrator pakati pa zigawo, magulu anthu, kuonetsetsa kuti kukondera chikhalidwe ndipo kunatha;

- kukhazikitsa dongosolo linalake komanso kukhalabe mu njira iliyonse, mpaka ntchito chogonedwa monyengeleredwa;

- kuti adziteteze mwankhanza anthu, nachititsa anthu onse a anthu zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku, kusamalira magulu wofooka ndi strata ya anthu, ndiye izo ziyenera kukhala chikhalidwe;

- kukhala mphamvu akhoza Integrated mu chimangidwe logwirizana lonse.

Werengani zambiri za anthu a anthu okhudzidwa ndi boma

boma Social ayenera zindithandize kupita patsogolo ndi zachuma. Ziyeneranso amachititsa zakuthupi ndi zachikhalidwe umoyo wa nzika, amadera awo. Yomanga ngati boma adzakhala zotheka ndi khama yatsopano mphamvu zothandiza anthu. A enaake a chitukuko cha anthu ayenera kutsatira izo.

Lingaliro la ammudzi chikhalidwe mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi dera chikhalidwe. Yotsirizira zikuphatikizapo mabungwe osiyanasiyana kakhalidwe ka zosoŵa za anthu chitetezo, banja, umoyo, kuti chikhalidwe ndi kuthetsa mavuto wauzimu, kudziŵa.

Features a anthu masiku ano

Anthu masiku ano - uwu si limodzi monolithic chilengedwe, ngakhale kuti lodzala ndi lero, monga kale, zosiyanasiyana kulankhulana (chikhalidwe, ndale, chuma), amene anathandiza mu ndondomeko ya kudalirana. mbiri World - mbiri ya chitukuko cha chitukuko, mosinthana awo. Lingaliro ndi kapangidwe ka anthu mu nkhani iyi aliyense siteji zosiyana. Aliyense chitukuko zachitika pa script wake, ndipo mu mbiri ya anthu wasiya chizindikiro chapadera. Komabe, kusiyana umene ulipo pakati pawo, sizikutanthauza atasemphana ndiponso kutsutsidwa. Pakati pa mitundu ya chitukuko, ngakhale akutali kwambiri ndi mzake, pali kufanana, amene anachokera ku umodzi wa mfundo zofunika za gulu la anthu. Pakati pa anthu a East ndi West lero Komabe, pali kusiyana, lomwe ndi mbali khalidwe la nthawi yathu.

Pankhaniyi, aliyense anthu ayenera kuyesetsa kusunga ndi kuonjezera mbali anthu anapanga m'menemo kuti afanane zikhalidwe zake ndipo amathandiza kuti mphamvu ya chitukuko. Tisaiwale kuti iwo apanga, monga ulamuliro, chifukwa cha zinachitikira yaitali ndiponso kupangitsa chitukuko chamakono. Choncho, safuna kuti chongopeka cigawo anthu.

Choncho, takambirana mfundo ndi maonekedwe a anthu a. Mutu umenewu ndi lofunika kwambiri Chaanthu. Komanso akhoza kutenga malo mu sukulu mu maphunziro maphunziro chikhalidwe. Anthu masiku ano afunika kuganizira kumene limayenda ndi zimene imaimira. Aliyense wa ife ali ndi udindo pa tsogolo lake. Ndipotu, anthu ndi anthu - mfundo zokhudzana.