Sociology sayansi: mbali yaikulu ya chitukuko ndi zinthu zilili.

Dziko limene tikukhalali, zikutipatsa mafunso ambiri okhudza cholinga cha moyo, zimene zimachititsa anthu kapena abale ndi zochitika chikhalidwe. Sociology ngati sayansi ya anthu, malamulo a chitukuko, maubale ndi mabungwe chikhalidwe kudziunjikira maganizo ndi mfundo akatswiri andale, aphunzitsi, asayansi, olemba ndi mamembala a nthambi zina za sayansi.

Sociology sayansi wosiyana sayansi ena okhudzidwa, kugwiritsa ntchito njira za sayansi kuphunzira anthu, kwambiri zothandiza ntchito ya kafukufuku sociological mu kugwira ntchito kwa anthu.

Mu Russia, chiphunzitso mwachindunji sociological anayamba kupanga pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Sociology sayansi akufotokozera mu madera osiyana, zomwe ndi masukulu sayansi. Mu kusanthula mbiri ya anthu, matabwa ake, limatchula za chitukuko ubale chikhalidwe, akatswiri kusankha njira zosiyanasiyana ambiri sayansi: zaziwerengero, maganizo, gulu, chikhalidwe ndi ena.

Tikumbukenso kuti mu nthawi ya chitukuko cha Chaanthu Russian, pa mapangidwe mfundo sociological ndi ziphunzitso potengera ntchito za akatswiri Western. Zikuphatikizapo anayambitsa Chaanthu wa Comte, amene anayambitsa mawu akuti "Chaanthu", mfundo "dongosolo", wolungamitsidwa siteji ya chitukuko mbiri. No zochepa otchuka kwa Chaanthu malingaliro Russian anali Emile Durkheim, Max Weber. Ndipo Karla Marksa zolemba akhala kwambiri kuti malingaliro a ndale a Russia pafupifupi semideyatiletnego nthawi zakale. Komabe, tinganene mogwirizana wa Russian ndi Western Chaanthu. Russian akatswiri NY Danilevsky, NK St. Michael, PL Lavrov, VI Lenin, GV Plekhanov, PA Sorokin anapanga zopereka kwambiri kwa dziko la sociological lingaliro.

Mwa madera ambiri Chaanthu nzeru za akutali chikhalidwe. Bukuli lili ndi kufunafuna malamulo chilengedwe Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe. Ganizo lalikulu limene anafika oimira mumaganiza osiyana akuno (Spengler, Toynbee, N.Danilevky, Sorokin), ndi lingaliro la chikhalidwe zinachitika mitundu ya gulu, zomwe ndi zochokera chikhalidwe cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, Aigupto, Babulo, Greek, Roman, Maya chikhalidwe, Russian Siberia, Asilavo, Ayuda ndi anthu ena). Ena akatswiri amati n'zosatheka yaitali coexistence a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zimene ayenera anayamba pa njira payekha.

malangizo wina wa chitukuko cha Chaanthu - Marxism - Chili chiphunzitso conflictological, zochokera kulimbana zachuma, maganizo kukumana kwa magulu osiyanasiyana. Marxism monga kumasulidwa ndi Lenin ndi anthu ake anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko mbiri ya Russia.

Kumadzulo Chaanthu anaima Wachiwiri-Marxism (Germany, zaka 30 zaka mazana makumi awiri). The kupatuka cha munthu kuchokera malingaliro ndi mfundo za negation, Wachiwiri-Marxism mu Chaanthu chi ananenetsa lingaliro la sizilephereka kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa magulu okhudzidwa: kulimbana ndi mphamvu, mtsogoleri wauzimu, mikangano mu kusokonekera ndalama, zimene zimayambitsa yaikulu ya chitukuko cha dziko.

Modern Chaanthu sayansi aumbike mwachangu motsogozedwa ndi technocratic ndi otchuka kwambiri kumadzulo ndi zoweta mabwalo sociological. Mmodzi wa mumaganiza ndi kudalirana za khalidwe la anthu amakono. Net Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa mizere European ndi American chitukuko cha sayansi sociological, unaonekera pakati pa mazana makumi awiri, izo rubs pa tsiku seodnyashny. mavuto amakakamizidwa akatswiri kuti agwirizane mphamvu. Komano n'zoonekeratu kuti zamoyo zinachita ndi Konfliktologichesky mfundo Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe ali ndi malo m'mbiri. Choncho, kuphatikiza mfundo zosiyanasiyana sociological kukhala ndi cholinga kufunikira kwa Chaanthu chitukuko. Palibe kukayika kuti Chaanthu zofunika pa chitukuko cha anthu masiku ano ali wamkulu. Iwo ali zimakhudza maganizo a anthu, ndale posankha zochita.

Mu dongosolo za khalidwe la anthu amakono zikukangalika osauka nthambi zosiyanasiyana za nzeru sociological: Chaanthu pa unyamata, Chaanthu mabungwe, Chaanthu a chidziwitso, Chaanthu a chipembedzo ndi ena.