Mapangano a Russia ndi Byzantium: mudziwe ambiri

Mu Russia wakale anayimiridwa mwa chilamulo lamulo la zakakhalidwe. Zotsatira olembedwa munali iwo kulibe. lamulo zinanenedwa malamulo malamulo. Mayiko anagwirizana pakati pa akalonga m'kamwa. The zikalata oyamba kulembedwa la malamulo adziko lonse lapansi, zilipo, anali Russia mgwirizano ndi Byzantium.

Lazaro ndi Byzantium

Mpaka kumapeto kwa woyamba Zakachikwi zoyenera Russia anali m'kamwa, malamulo olembedwa a chilamulo kulibe. Woyamba olembedwa pangano anaonekera chifukwa ubale zovuta ndi Ufumu wa Byzantine, amene analowa m'malo mwa chilamulo Roma anayamba kupanga ndi mfundo zachikhalidwe ndi miyezo kuti akhala maziko a ubwenzi malamulo m'dziko kulikonse.

Pakati Russia ndi Byzantium kumeneko kwakhala chidwi mangawawo. Mapangano a Russia ndi Byzantium zinalengedwa ngakhale kuti mfundo yaikulu ya kukhudzana - ndi kumenyana nkhondo, koma kwaiye ndipo kunachititsa chidwi ndi mzake, kulemekezana. Ife tikuona ku mapangano, amene anali kuwalemba usilikali patapita zipolowe asilikali. Mutawerenga iwo, sangathe kuona, pamene anagonjetsa, ndi kumene wopambana. Mu kumenyana nkhondo mapangano pakati Lazaro ndi Byzantium anali anasaina chifukwa iwo m'tsogolo kumanga ubale umene chitukuko cha malonda ndiponso kugwirizana chikhalidwe.

Mogwirizana mfundo chidwi pa maiko awiri zinachitika makamaka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Black Sea ndi Crimea, kumene Byzantium anali pansi pa gawo. Russia ankafunika lotulukira kuti ku South Pacific chitukuko zina malonda. maulendo kawirikawiri kum'mwera kwa asilikali Russian ankagwira kukula kwa ochita malonda. Kuti asapita malonda angapo zinthu akhala wodzipereka, analowa mapangano ndi Russia Byzantium.

boma maphunziro Byzantium

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma IV Great Roma pang'onopang'ono anagwera mu kuwonongeka. Kuchokera kumadzulo, izo woterowu ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana a akunjawo kuti anawazunza awo n'kuwononga chitukuko chachikulu. Koma ozama pa Constantine mfumu ya Roma m'zaka za m'ma IV kuvutikabe likulu boma la kum'mawa kwa ufumuwo, anakhazikitsa mzinda wa Constantinople, yomwe inali m'mphepete mwa Bosphorus pa malo a mzinda wakale Greek wa Byzantium. Sitepe zoona, anagaŵa ufumuwo pawiri.

Rome kulamulidwa ndi oweruza awo, koma Constantinople anakhalabe mudzi waukulu wa ufumu. Pakutha V atumwi, pafupifupi magawo kumadzulo kwa Ulaya anali nkhondo akunjawo Germany. Usalimbane iwo, ndipo mbali ya kumadzulo ya Roma. Mafuko a akunjawo Germany analanda anagonjetsa Rome. Boma chitukuko wakale zinatha.

Mu masiku a looting wa Rome ndi akunjawo wa Byzantium kunali ufumu wamphamvu kwambiri, amenenso anali anaukira ndi ankhondowo, kuphatikizapo magulu a akalonga Russian. Pambuyo pa ulendo uliwonse kuti pangano olembedwa pakati Lazaro ndi Byzantium. Byzantium ndi kutha kwa Zakachikwi woyamba anali wamphamvu ufumu angathe kumvanso ya maiko a Western Roma, ndi adzawalange kwa zaka zoposa ziwiri. boma wolemera chinathandiza kumanga mizinda latsopano ndi nyumba zikuluzikulu zokongola ndi akachisi. Anali kuyembekezera kuyima kwa zaka zoposa mazana khumi, kuwonjezeka ndi kukhala cholowa lalikulu Roma.

Ufumu wa Byzantium - wolowa wa Rome

Ancient Byzantine boma, kwenikweni, - wolowa chikhalidwe ndi wolowa chitukuko cha Wamkulu Roma - chachiwiri Rome. Ambiri mwa anthu ake - Ahelene, amene anatsogolera ufumu kwa Chikhristu. Iye anapitiriza kufalikira. Byzantium chinathandiza chitukuko lonse la anthu amathandiza kwambiri. Zinali boma ŵakusanga Mkhristu. Apa iwo amakhala ndi kugwira ntchito, asayansi, oimba, alakatuli Afilosofi ndi maloya.

Byzantine malamulo a Aroma zinasungidwa. Iwo osati anapulumuka, koma anapitiriza kukhala ndi imagwiranso ubale ndi mayiko ena, Umboni wa zimenezi ndi Russia mgwirizano ndi Byzantium. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za ufumuwo anayamba dongosolo ndi streamline (codification) ya malamulo a Aroma. Ndiko kuti, zikalata zonse lemba kumanja akhala ndikusinthidwa, ali bungwe ndi mitu ziwalo, ndime, nkhani. Mmenemonso, ufulu umene ulipo masiku ano m'mayiko onse kutukuka.

Kokayenda Lazaro ndi Byzantium

Byzantium zambiri. mzinda Western Ufumu wa Roma anali ataphedwa ndi akunjawo lapansi. Cities amene ali mbali ya Ufumu wa Byzantine, anapitiriza kukula mtendere. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa malonda. Kudzera Byzantium wotchuka njira ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki. N'zosadabwitsa kuti boma nthawi zonse anaukira ndi akunjawo, amene anayesa kulanda chuma cha ufumuwo.

Izo sizinali zosiyana ndi Ancient Russia, amene ndawala ndi Byzantium munali, poyamba pa zonse, si cholinga kuloŵa m'dziko latsopano, ndipo ndi chidwi pa maubwenzi malonda ndi kulemera msonkho. Pa nthawi imeneyo Byzantium linali likulu la Chikhristu, ndi Russia - mtundu wachikunja wa akunjawo. Ngakhale alonda Russian anali kampeni ndalama ya chiphaso, Byzantium anayesetsa kugwirizanitsa ake ndi maiko Masewerera a Nordic. Pambuyo kokayenda, wopambana kapena zinalephereka, anasaina mgwirizano pakati pa Russia ndi Byzantium.

mapangano

Byzantium anali nkhawa kuti Russia. Ndipo koposa zonse, monga kwambiri kuyambira boma mapangidwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo Russia limeneli Byzantium. Asilikali Byzantine anatumikira Asilavo ambiri ndi kumpoto Scandinavia. Iwo anali asilikali kwambiri: kufika ndi kupirira. Byzantium anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa mayiko a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, kuphatikizapo Russia. Okhudza pakati pa maiko awiriwa adzaweruzidwa ndi mapangano ananena pakati pawo. Mfundo pangano lokhudza mafunso ofunika kuthandiza kumanga ubale amakhumudwa.

Kuti anapulumuka woyamba 5 mapangano a Russia ndi Byzantium. Iwo amasuliridwe kuchoka m'Chigiriki kupita Old Church chinenero Chisilavo ndi amene ali m'mipukutu yakale "nthano ya makedzana Zaka". Awa ndi mapangano loyamba la Russia. Byzantium ali kukhomerezeka zabwino ndondomeko mapangidwe a boma la malamulo ndi mfundo za anansi ake kumpoto. Mapangano ankaona kuti lofunika prerequisites oyambirira magwero olembedwa, malamulo Russian.

mgwirizano 907

Chipangano choyamba kuti linalembedwa pakati Lazaro ndi Byzantium yosainidwa ndi 907. Koma asayansi kukhulupirira njira yomweyo. Akatswiri ena timakonda amanena za chiyambi monga chikalata kukonzekera. Ngati kapena ayi, si kuti atsimikizire kapena kutsutsa maganizo a mmodzi wa zotheka.

Kutenga zaka 911

Yosainidwa pa September 2 ndipo limadziwika bwino kwambiri kampeni retinue wa Prince Oleg wa Byzantium.

Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa mapeto a mgwirizano pakati Lazaro ndi Byzantium? Choyamba, kunali koyenera kukhazikitsidwa kwa ubwenzi wabwino okhala moyandikana kuthetsa nkhani ya malonda, kutumiza, mafunso amene kawirikawiri angabuke mgwirizano pakati pa anthu okhala maiko awiri. Mgwirizanowo limasonyeza kuti mkulu anatumiza nthumwi, amene apatsidwa makamaka kutsimikizira mafumu Greek wa Leon, Alexander ndi Constantine ubwenzi oona mtima ndi bwino kuthandiza ena. Komanso, mfundo za nkhani zofunika kukambirana mwatsatanetsatane, okhudza pakati pa maiko awiri ndipo anthu nawo zinthu zina mu Russia ndi Byzantium.

mgwirizano 945

Prince Igor Russia anamaliza mgwirizano ndi Byzantium pambuyo kugonjetsedwa kwake onongani mu chifukwa cha nkhondo ya zaka 945. mgwirizano umenewu pafupifupi anakopera zinthu zonse za mgwirizano 911 chaka. Komanso linakhazikitsa zinthu zatsopano ndi kusinthidwa kwa anthu m'mbuyomo. Mwachitsanzo, mu mgwirizano 911 chaka polima katunduyo pa makonzedwe a amalonda Russian akufuna pamene kuyendera Byzantium. Mu pangano, ndi 945 ndi kukonzedwa, izo idzachitike ngati ali wapadera udzatha kalonga. Mndandanda wa ubwino wakhala kwambiri adzafupikitsidwa.

Popeza kusainira pangano, Russia analamula kuti abweretse ufulu wawo kwa umwini wa Ufumu wa Byzantine ku Crimea. Komanso, Russia saloledwa kusiya abisalire pa m'kamwa mwa Dnieper Mtsinje ndipo analamula kuti athandize Ufumu wa Byzantine pa khalidwe la nkhondoyi.

Chirasha Byzantine nkhondo ya zaka 970-971

Akamanena za nkhondo asilikali anali motere, mu ulamuliro wa Prince Svyatoslav, nkhondo Byzantine-Chibugariya zinachitika mu 969. akalonga Russian anatumizidwa kwa akazembe a Byzantium ndi mphatso ndithu kukakamiza bwanamkubwa kulanga Chibugariya Tsar Peter. Prince Svyatoslav ndi ankhondo ake anasamukira kwa Bulgaria, amene anapambana ndipo anayamba kulamulira izo.

Koma ndiye kalonga Russian, pamodzi ndi Bulgarians anamuka Byzantium. Nkhondo chinakhalapo mpaka 21 June 971, pamene nkhondo yomaliza zinachitika, imene inatha pachabe. Mu Constantinople anali wosakhazikika, panali kuyesa kulanda boma. Lazaro asilikali unatha ndipo anataya ambiri anaphedwa. Monga mwa nthawi zonse, mbali pamwamba pa Bulgarians anagwirizana ndi Ahelene.

mgwirizano 971

Svyatoslav akatulukire kwa mfumu Ioannu Tsimiskhiyu ndi akhazikitse m'nyengo ya mtendere moika patsogolo yabwino Rusich zinthu, kuphatikizapo kubwezeretsa ubale wakale ndi Byzantium. Mfumu sanazengereze konse anavomera. Mgwirizano zikutsatidwa zinthu zonse chikalata yapita, ndi Prince Svyatoslav anapanga lonjezo konse kuti amenyane Byzantium, osati kuti tifulumizane limati zina nkhondo ndi kukhala angakuthandizeni wa ufumu waukulu.

mgwirizano 1046

zaka 10 pambuyo pake, mu 981, ndi Russian kalonga Vladimir anatenga Hersonissos, anakwatira mwana wamkazi wa mfumu - Mfumukazi Anne ndi chinali ubatizo wa Lazaro. Russia wakhala angakuthandizeni odalirika Ufumu wa Byzantine. Pamene Mfumu umabala utumiki Russian asilikali Corps, pa phiri la Athos Russian obisika kumeneko. Koma mu 1043 pakati pa maiko awiri kachiwiri akulamulira mikangano yomwe zinachititsa kuti ntchito yatsopano a asilikali Russian pa maboti nyanja Constantinople. Gust mphepo yamkuntho ndi otchedwa "Greek moto" Byzantines zinachititsa kuti imfa ya brigade m'madzi.

Malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, mu 1044 rusichi anatenga Hersonissos, mu 1046 Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich anakwatira mwana wa Mfumu Constantine Monomakh ndipo zinasaina pangano mtendere pakati Russia ndi Byzantium.