Mafakitale mu England, ndi phindu lake

N'zovuta kulingalira zimene zidzachitike pa chitukuko chathu chamakono, ngati m'zaka za m'ma 18, mafakitale sibwenzi mwachangu akuyendera zaluso zosiyanasiyana sayansi. Singasiyanitsidwe mtsogoleri pankhaniyi anali Great Britain, amene anatha kulenga injini nthunzi, zomwe zachititsa kuti chitukuko cha makina atsopano kudziletsa injini. Kenako, nthawi imeneyi ankatchedwa "mafakitale kusintha England," womwe osati atsogolere ntchito za makumi a zikwi za anthu, koma anathandizanso latsopano structural stratification wa anthu.

Kuyamba ndi kuyamba, ndi mkati kuyaka injini ndi kuyambitsa panopa anakhala n'zotheka kusintha mawu ntchito yomanga likulu la ziwiya. Pakuti England kunali kofunika kwambiri chifukwa anali pa nthawi imeneyo dziko apanyanja mphamvu, linga amene anapuma pa zombo ake. Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19, zikamera wa zombo anathandiza osati ndi kuwonjezeka mu mphamvu yake, komanso chitukuko cha shipbuilding boma, kuyambira tsopano n'zotheka kuti agwire mayendedwe a anthu, pamlingo wokulirapo. Komanso, anayamba kumanga yogwira njanji ndi mafakitale ku England wathandiza pankhaniyi kukhazikitsa kugwirizana pakati pa zoyendera m'maiko onse a dziko.

Zambiri zachilengedwe ndi nkhokwe lalikulu la malasha analola oyamba kupanga makina atsopano luso, kotero kupanga ake chawonjezeka kangapo. Komabe, ngati ku mfundo luso view, zonse zinayenda bwino, panali ena Kuvuta chikhalidwe. chakuti kutsegula mafakitale latsopano ndi zomera chofunika wina kuchuluka kwa luso ntchito, chimene chiri ndi wachita ndi ulimi. Ndiko kuti, panali kusokonekera kwa ogwira ntchito, komanso mafakitale ku England anasiya kugwirizana ntchito ndi dziko, gawo ulimi zikuchepa panali antchito. Anthu n'kuyamba ulendo okhaokha osonkhezera ankakhala mumzinda ndi kupeza ukatswiri ntchito. Komabe, izi zonse kwaiye ndi zina vuto zofunika, chifukwa tsopano anthu ali mosamalitsa m'gulu ndi udindo wawo. Anali makamu, anali anthu amene sanali mzake, monga atsogoleri a mafakitale mafakitale linalipiridwa, monga ulamuliro, malipiro wotsika ndithu.

Komano, mafakitale ku England anabwera mwa zaka zochepa, ndipo chifukwa koposa magalimoto atsopano ndi anthu ena ogwira zapaderazi chabe mbisoweka. Zotsatira zake zinali mkulu mlingo wa ulova, ndi zofunika ntchito kuchuluka kwambiri mwa mawu a luso ntchito. Choncho, pakati pa magulu awiri a gulu chikhalidwe cha anthu - ndi bourgeoisie ndi proletariat, tinayamba kutenga mawonekedwe kale maganizo kwambiri, lomwe m'tsogolo ndi zotsatira chosintha.

Mafakitale mu England, ndipo zotsatira zake ndakufotokozerani ambiri magulu odana nafe, aliyense amene akumenyana zofuna zake zokha. Pa dzanja limodzi, malonda ndi banki bourgeoisie atolankhani za mphamvu mu mawu a easing malamulo okhudza chuma ndi ngongole, pa zina - ndi landlords, amene anali timapepala lalikulu la dziko, anataya anthu ntchito mminda, ndi chifukwa kuti anataya katundu wolemera. Eni ake a mafakitale ndi mphero ku mafakitare anakopeka antchito atsopano Komabe, kulipira iwo mu zonse.

Choncho, Polongosola mwachidule, tikhoza kunena kuti mafakitale anali lonse kuyambira zidzafunike, kuyambira wafunsira onse sayansi ndi luso chitukuko cha anthu, ndipo kusinthika ake kwakukulu chikhalidwe. Zotsatira za mafakitale ku England akadali akuphunziridwa ndi azambiriyakale, ndipo ofufuza m'minda yosiyanasiyana ya sayansi - kuchokera asayansi anthu kuti andale, ndi maphunziro chikhalidwe.