N'chokwana Mafumu. Mongol nthawi mu mbiri Chinese. Kublai Khan

Mafumu n'chokwana Ndipotu ulamuliro mu China kwa zaka imodzi ndi theka. Icho chinali Mongolian mu kapangidwe kake mitundu, amene kwambiri bwanji chikhalidwe Chinese dongosolo ulamuliro ndi dongosolo umoyo ndale za dziko. Nthawi ya ulamuliro wake nthawi ankamuona ngati nthawi ya stagnation, ufumu, monga nkhondo yachilendo ya kungasokoneze kwambiri pa chitukuko mkati.

asilikaliwa

Kwa zaka zingapo China wakhala kukhudzana ndi anansi ake tchire, amene pa dzanja limodzi, anabwereka kukwaniritsa ake kwambiri anansi awo, ndipo Komano, ochitachita kufinya amphamvu. The mafumu yachilendo anali zofala kwambiri mu mbiri ya dziko. Mmodzi wa anthu steppe omwe ankayendayenda kumalire Chinese, anali Mongolian. Poyamba Mongolia anali gawo la ku Siberia Chitata, ndipo ngakhale wolemekezeka linguistically ndi ethnically Koma racially ali mpaka m'ma 12 potsiriza anapanga.

gulu lankhondo

zinthu zasintha kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma lotsatira, pamene vsemongolskom kurultai Khan analengeza wolamulira anthu ambiri. Iye analenga zinthu mwadongosolo, wophunzitsidwa ankhondo, zomwe Ndipotu, anali maziko a dongosolo asilikali ndale. Okhwima centralization, chitsulo mwambo anatawira penepi ochepa mitundu gulu kupambana nambala yaikulu ya kupambana mu dera Asian ndi kulenga boma lawo.

China mu XII-XIII zaka

N'chokwana Mafumu anayamba kulamulira kwake mu zinthu m'malo ovuta. chakuti m'dzikoli bwino mbali ziwiri. Izi ndi chifukwa akupeza wa fuko pankhondo ya Jurchen, amene anagwira mbali ya kumpoto. Kum'mwera panali Song Mafumu Ufumu, amene anapitiriza ntchito malamulo chikhalidwe Chinese ndi miyambo. Ndipotu, mbali imeneyi ya boma wakhala pakati chikhalidwe, amene adakali chimakhala chogwidwa Chikomfyushani, mwachizolowezi dongosolo utsogoleri zochokera dongosolo lakale la mayeso yopemphera kwa utumiki wa akuluakulu.

Mu kumpoto pali Jin Ufumu, amene olamulira akhala akulephera definitively pogonjetsa kum'mwera dera. Ali chabe msonkho iwo mu mawonekedwe a siliva ndi silika. Koma ngakhale m'malo katundu pangano yuzhnosunskogo China m'madera amenewa anapitiriza kukhala chuma, chikhalidwe, kachitidwe ka ntchito. Apaulendo wotchuka M. Polo anapita kum'mwera China, amene anamuika chidwi kwambiri ndi luso lake, chuma, dzuwa zachuma. Choncho, maziko a Mafumu Jin Sichinatsitsidwe zinachititsa kuti Chiwonongeko cha dziko, umene anatha kusunga mfundo zawo chikhalidwe ndi miyambo.

yogonjetsa

Mu zaka za m'ma 13, ku Mongolia anayamba yokopa awo. L.Gumilev anawaona mkokomo ngati chimodzi cha mawonetseredwe chidwi kwambiri pa galimoto ya anthu. Izi fuko pankhondo anagonjetsa ku Central Asia dera, akugonjetsa dziko la Khorezm shahs, anasamukira ku dziko Russian ndipo anagonjetsa Mgwirizano wa akalonga. Kenako Akasidiwo anagwira boma Chinese. Mdzukulu wa Genghis Khan anachita kudzera nkhondo ndi zamtendere: Mwachitsanzo, iye adafunafuna tipezekemo thandizo la Nyimbo ya amazikonda anthu otchuka. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti boma kum'mwera anakaniza kwa nthawi yaitali, kwa zaka forte. mafumu ake mpaka posachedwapa anagwirizira mzere ndi Aisiraeli, moti yekha mu 1289 lonse la China anali pansi pa utsogoleri wawo.

Khumi zoyambirira za ulamuliro

Latsopano n'chokwana mafumu poyamba kwambiri kuyamba kuthana ndi kukana. Anayamba kupereka misa ndi kuphana, anthu ambiri anali akapolo. Patapita kanthawi anaganiza kuti awononge anthu a amakezana genera Chinese ndi mabanja. Kuyambira okwana chiwonongeko anthu opulumutsidwa chifukwa chakuti olamulira latsopano moganizira kuti ndi wotsika mtengo kukumbukira mtokoma wa amakhoma misonkho kwa Treasury. Komanso, ankhondowo anafuna ogwira apamwamba kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka dziko lino kwambiri. Mmodzi kidanskih alangizi analangiza mfumu yatsopano kukhalabe mphamvu m'dera kusamalira. N'chokwana mafumu unatha pafupi zaka theka ndi khumi zoyambirira za ulamuliro wake sankawabisira ndi mavuto azachuma mu dziko, kuchepa anadza kwa mzinda, malonda, ulimi, komanso yofunika dongosolo ulimi wothirira. Zambiri anthu zinali kapena kuonongedwa kapena akapolo, kapena mu wamba, ovutika malo. Komabe, patatha zaka makumi awiri kapena atatu, dziko anayamba pang'onopang'ono achire nkhonyayo zinamuchitikira.

Mfumu yoyamba

Woyambitsa wa mafumu atsopano anali Kublai Khan. Popeza anagonjetsa dziko adakhalabe angapo kusintha kuti mwanjira atengere kasamalidwe awo ufumu. Anagawa dzikolo m'zigawozigawo khumi ndi kubweretsa kasamalidwe magulu ena ambiri mitundu ndi zipembedzo. Choncho, kunyumba yake udindo mwachilungamo mkulu anali kulamulidwa ndi wamalonda Venetian ndi wapaulendo Marco Polo, imene boma anakhazikitsa kulankhula ndi azungu. Komanso, anasolola chilengedwe chake, Akristu kokha, komanso Asilamu, Abuda. Kublai Khan ankalimbikitsa anthu a chipembedzo comaliza, kufalitsa mwamsanga m'dziko lonselo. Kuwonjezera zokhudza maboma ankachita nawo mabuku, mwachitsanzo, amadziwika kuti analemba ndakatulo, amene Komabe, chimodzi chokha anapulumuka.

kusiyana chikhalidwe

Mfumu Choyamba komanso anaonetsetsa kulowa chinenero Mongolian mu boma zolembedwa malonda. Pa malamulo ake, Abuda mmonke anayamba ndi zilembo wapadera, amene anapanga maziko a otchedwa makalata lalikulu, nalowa mawu onse-boma. Izi muyeso singalifotokoze chakuti akuluakulu a mafumu atsopano anali mu malo kovuta chifukwa chotchinga chikhalidwe pakati pa iwo ndi anthu kumeneko. Okhazikika bwino, omwe amagwira ntchito kwa zaka za dongosolo ndale komanso za ufumuwo zochokera Chikomfyushani chikhalidwe, zinali mlendo mzimu wa Aisiraeli. Iwo sanathe kutsegula kuti kusiyana, ngakhale ena asintha zinthu kutero. Komabe, khama lawo lalikulu, makamaka pa bolodi loyamba la nthawi, anakonzedwa kuika Chinese mu malo yozungulira. Choyamba Mongolian chinenero amamuonera udindo wa boma, ndiye dongosolo miyambo Kupenda linathetsedwa, zomwe tichepetse. zonsezi onse ndi kungasokoneze kwambiri pa zoweta Ufumu nyengo ndale.

mavuto kasamalidwe

Kublai Khan, mdzukulu wa Genghis Khan, kukodzedwa boma kumvera angapo m'madera oyandikana nawo. Komabe, maulendo ake ku dziko Japanese ndi Vietnamese analephera. Iye anali kale mu zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wake, watenga angapo njira streamline utsogoleli wa dziko. Komabe, pa Mongol ulamuliro wa utsogoleli Chinese anakumana ndi m'malo kwambiri, ndi kovuta chifukwa chakuti luntha Confucius onse analandira akuchita malonda: onse akuluakulu a boma ndi asilikali posts wotanganidwa ndi oimira anthu otchuka watsopano, amene sanathe atengere malamulo chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya anthu anagonjetsa. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti chimene chiri pansi pa ulamuliro mwachindunji ndi asilikaliwa anali chigawo likulu ndi ogundizana madera kumpoto kum'mawa, pamene m'madera ena adali kudalira makonsolo, mphamvu Komabe, okha likulu Akuluakulu anatumiza ku likulu.

Kudulidwa kwa anthu

N'chokwana Mafumu ku China sanali woyamba ulamuliro zakunja dziko. Komabe, ngati ena anakwanitsa atengere miyambo ya dziko lino, kuphunzira chinenero, chikhalidwe, ndipo kenako kwathunthu kuphatikiza ndi anthu akuderalo, ku Mongolia chiyani sakwanitsa kuchita izo. Mwina zimenezi chifukwa chakuti iwo (makamaka poyamba) ndi Chinese anapatsidwa chilango, osalola kuti utsogoleli. Komanso, iwo mwalamulo anagawa anthu m'magulu anayi potengera chipembedzo ndi mitundu mizere. Makamaka mwayi wosanjikiza anali ku Mongolia, komanso oimira kamba, amene anali gawo la asilikali awo. Zambiri za anthu anakhalabe wosiyana ndi anthu a kum'mwera ambiri akhala yafupika mlingo wa kuthungo. Zonsezi ndi chisoni kwambiri yaikulu kasamalidwe, umene ulibe ndodo yake yabwino. Komanso, oimira Mongol mafumu kwambiri inasiya southerners ndi northerners, pakati pa iwo, ndipo kotero panali kusamvana kwambiri. Komanso, boma anathetsa dongosolo la mayeso, kuletsa Chinese kuphunzira luso la nkhondo, kuphunzira zilankhulo.

mgwirizano

Mongol nthawi mu mbiri Chinese sanathe pa basi chiwawa. Iwo anazindikira mfumu ya mafumu atsopano, amene patapita kanthawi anayamba kuchita malamulo a rapprochement ndi anthu Chinese. Chinthu choyamba chofunika umenewu unali kubwezeretsa kwa dongosolo kuona yosankha akuluakulu mu utumiki. Komanso, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 13 unayamba kuonekera kwa masukulu kwa malembedwe aantchito. Academy abwezeretsedwa, amene amasunga mabuku ndi ntchito yuzhnosunskie asayansi. Tikumbukenso kuti anayambitsa Kupenda kuchira anakumana kukaniza oopsa kwambiri pakati pa Mongol otchuka, amene ankafuna kukhala ndi udindo waukulu ku minda onse a moyo ndiponso ndale. Komabe, chikhalidwe Chinese yathandiza kwambiri pa Mongolian kulemba mbiri. Mayiko ndi kudziwa anayamba Nkhani wake, omwe kenako anapanga maziko a "n'chokwana Shi".

historiography

Izi deta mbiri linapangidwa mu masiku oyambirira a zotsatirazi Ming Mafumu m'zaka 14. Mu akulemba zinamutengera nthawi yambiri, pafupi zaka makumi anayi. The chochitika yamasika anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti poyamba anali usilikali mofulumira, koma sanali mfumu yatsopano, kotero izo zinkayenera kuti redone. Komabe, ngakhale yatenga, kubwereza kapena zolakwika nyuzipepala, gwero ndi chipilala wapadera wa mbiri ya Mafumu n'chokwana. Ndi wofunika kwambiri chifukwa ochuluka a zikalata pachiyambi, zolemba olembedwa, malamulo ndi malangizo a olamulira. Kwa ena mipukutu ankalemba ngakhale anapita ku Mongolia. Komanso, iwo anakopeka m'dera yobereka Nkhani banja gravestone zolemba ndi ntchito ya wolemba. Choncho, "n'chokwana Shi" Ndi mmodzi wa zipilala chidwi kwambiri nyengo kuphunzira.

mavuto

Kugwa kwa mafumu ndi chifukwa chakuti olamulira ufumu sangakhoze kuphunzira kwa chikhalidwe Chinese, ndi kusintha kwa njira miyambo ya akuthamanga dziko. Popeza kusowa kwa luntha m'dera Confucius zochitika akuzigawo anali kunyalanyaza. Mfumu yomaliza ya Toyon Temur sanali nawo kasamalidwe. Pamene kwenikweni mphamvu zonse anali m'manja mwa chancellors wake. zinthu litamkiramkira ndi chifukwa chakuti nkhondo kuwonjezeka mwa Mongol otchuka. The kutsogolera mwamsanga kuphulika kwa mkwiyo otchuka anali ngati damu yojambula pa Yellow Mtsinje. The mtsinje zimaphulika magombe ake ndipo anasefukira m'minda, kupha masauzande ambirimbiri.

Kugwa kwa ulamuliro Mongol

Pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, zambiri za anthu wamba wauka kulimbana ndi adani. Adamulowetsa chimangidwe chinsinsi, amene Ndipotu anatsogolera gululi. Iwo ananyamuka shirilos pansi mawu achipembedzo Chibuda, koma kwenikweni ake anali mayiko-dziko lawo, monga opandukawo anayesa kulanda ulamuliro yachilendo. kusamvera kumeneku anadzatchedwa monga "armbands wofiira". Mu 1368 a Mongol mafumu unatha mu Ufumu, ndipo wolamulira wake wotsiriza wa Toyon Temur anathawira ku Mongolia, kumene anakafa patapita zaka ziwiri. Chifukwa chachikulu kugwa anali zozama mkati mavuto, amene anauka chifukwa cha kulephera kwa Mongolia kuphunzira chikhalidwe kasamalidwe Chinese. Mfumu yatsopano anayambitsa ndi Ming Mafumu ndi kubwezeretsedwa Chikomfyushani makolo mu dziko. Woyambitsa wa mafumu atsopano anabwerera dongosolo wakale kasamalidwe, potengera chikhalidwe chikhalidwe Chinese.