Ming Mafumu a China. Ming Mafumu

Chifukwa, wamba kugalukira Mongolian boma unagonjetsedwa. Mu malo ya Mafumu n'chokwana (mlendo) anafika Mafumu Ming (1368 -. 1644 gg). Popeza kuti mapeto a XIV mu. China azipeza chuma ndi chikhalidwe. Mzinda wakale chinayamba, palinso latsopano limene chimakhala chogwidwa ndi malonda ndi luso. The ndondomeko ya zamoyo wa dziko mothandizidwa ndi zikamera wa mafakitale, kumene gulu la ntchito akugwiritsa ntchito. Ndi Imperial Court kukopa asayansi bwino, mapulani ndi ojambula zithunzi. Cholinga ndi pa chitukuko m'tawuni.

Chinese Ming Mafumu: kusinthika mu dera zachuma

Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa kudza kwa mafumu anayamba kukhazikitsa njira kusintha zinthu osauka, monga anathandiza kuti apange kusintha mphamvu. Ming mafumu nakhalanso ndi North gawo dongosolo, amene kwathetsa mphamvu chuma osankhika tidakocheza (North China), soyuznyuchavshey kale Yuanyamm. Ndipo mu South, chirichonse chinali zosemphana - landlordism wapulumutsidwa. Wamakono wa mlandu alipo ndi dongosolo msonkho, komanso chidwi cha boma kuti ulimi wothirira - zonsezi kuwonjezeka mofulumira zachuma.

Limafotokoza kukula kwa chuma m'tauni, chifukwa cha zimene - specialization dera (mu Jiangxi kupanga zadothi inali, ndipo Guangdong - makamaka njanji), zikamera wa mumaganiza latsopano, makamaka amene ali kumangira zombo 4-sitimayo.

Pang'onopang'ono anayamba ndi chofunika ndalama ubwenzi. Pamaziko a likulu la wamalonda a pali kupanga payekha. Central ndi Kumwera China wakhala malo a zosayembekezereka wa luso anabzala. Kenako, kupanga maziko ku chilengedwe cha msika obschekitayskogo (nambala ya fairs malonda boma wakhala anapita kale ndi 38).

The downside

Imodzi ndi pamwamba zochitika kupata nawo angapo kuwasokoneza, kulepheretsa chitukuko cha malonda (zinali lililonse lonse la East). Kwa iwo monga boma kuphangira, boma akumeneko fakitale, amene amagwiritsa ntchito zoposa 300 zikwi. Amisiri gospobory ndi malonda ndi luso ntchito. Iwo sanapereke chuma mwayi kusuntha kupanga chosiyana.

The mfundo yachilendo ya Mafumu Ming

Pa nthawi kuchira zachuma ndi kulimbitsa mphamvu ya boma umachitika mfundo ambiri amanyansidwa (mpaka 1450 icho chinali kutchedwa "akukumana nyanja", ndipo kenako anasamukira ku "maso ndi akunjawo").

Chochitika chofunika kwambiri nthawi - patsogolo China, amene anakhudzidwa boma la South Pacific.

Mafumu Ming, chifukwa zosowa kuthetseratu vuto la Japanese, Chinese, Korea, kuberana kwazaluso kukula, anakakamizika kulenga zombo, amene anawerengedwa zombo 3,500. kukula Komanso zachuma chinathandiza ntchito monga mmene asanu Maulendo osiyana zombo, kutsogozedwa ndi mdindoyo mkulu Chzhen Iye, kwa Africa East. Izi mkulu panyanja anali pa kutaya 60 lalikulu zombo 4-nakometsedwa, amene anafika mamita 47 yaitali, iwo anali maudindo pretentious ngati "Chotsani Mogwirizana", "Chuma ndi chitukuko." Pa lililonse linali gulu la anthu 600, kuphatikizapo oimira gulu.

Kagawo ku logbooks ndi

Malinga ndi iwo, pa ulendo mpaka ku gombe la Africa East, Zheng, Fotokozani chinenero chamakono, mu nyanja anachita mwakachetechete ndiponso modzichepetsa. Komabe, nthawi zina alendo yaing'ono sanamvere mfumu zolinga achipembedzo.

Ming Mafumu: History

akutsindika Zhu Yuanzhang (woyamba Chinese Mfumu) pa 70-80. Ine ndinapanga pa Kuchotsedwa komaliza kwa Mongolia ku dziko lawo, yimitsira kufuna kumusonyeza chikhalidwe mwa wamba Chinese kudzera njira kuchira zachuma ndi kulimbikitsa mphamvu wake. mavuto oterowo anathana ndi kuwonjezeka asilikali, kulimbikitsa centralization, kugwiritsa ntchito njira ambiri okhwima, chimene chinapangitsa kusakhutira mu zigawo zonse za anthu.

Pa nthawi yomweyo kuchepetsa mphamvu za makonsolo Mfumu anadalira banja losefukira, anadzakhala olamulira - Vans (udindo) fiefdoms chakuti, maganizo ake, odalirika kwambiri ndi ana ndi zidzukulu.

Vanstva tonse pa dziko: za periphery iwo anachita ntchito kumbuyo ndi kuopseza kuchokera kunja, ndi pakati zinthu ngati apereke kwa separatism ndi zigawenga.

Mu 1398, iye anamwalira mfumu Zhu Yuanzhang, kenako bwalo camarilla, yopambana olandira ake mwachindunji, woikidwa Zhu Yunvenya - mdzukulu wake.

Board Zhu Yunvenya

Iye koyamba maso pa dongosolo malo analengedwa ndi agogo ake. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi Tszinnan (1398 -. 1402 gg). The standoff inathera ndi adani a likulu la ufumu wolamulira Nanjing Beijing - mwana wamkulu wa Zhu Yuanzhang, Chzhu Di. Iwo pamoto pamodzi ndi mdani wake.

Mfumu lachitatu la Mafumu Ming

Zhu Di anapitiriza mfundo atate ake centralization a boma, nthawi yomweyo kukana vanstv dongosolo wogwila (mu 1426 anali anapondereza kupanduka osakhutira Vanir). Iye anazinga E mukudziwa ndipo anatsindika kufunika la nyumba ya ntchito chinsinsi mu ndondomeko ya boma.

Pamene tinaganiza nkhani poyerekezera ndi likulu Chinese, amene zimadalira kulemera ndale za South ndi North. Choncho, akuchita yamasika ngati kunayambira chitukuko Chinese, ndi kutaya kufunika kwake mu III - V zaka. mokomera woyamba chifukwa cha mantha kuti nthawi ya wongosamukasamuka. Izi mbali ya dziko - onyamula miyambo mwapadera, mentalities: southerners - onyalanyaza zinthu, osasamala, ndi Northerners - amphamvu, amphamvu, ndi udindo wapamwamba chikhalidwe - "Han-jen." Zonse izi pogwiritsa chinenero kusiyana zosatha (dialectic).

N'chokwana ndi Suna asankha m'munsi andale a North, koma Mafumu Ming, pa dzanja ena, South. Ichi ndi chimene chinawathandiza kuti apambane.

Mu 1403 mfumu yatsopano alipo Beypin (kutanthauziridwa monga "pacification wa North"), anadzatchedwa Beytszin ( "Kumpoto Capital"). Kotero kufikira 1421, China anali m'mizinda likulu awiri - Imperial kumpoto ndi boma bureaucracy kum'mwera. Chzhu Di Choncho tichotse cha mphamvu ndi kum'mwera yekha pamene kuwamana kwambiri ufulu kum'mwera bureaucracy (Nanjing).

Mu 1421 anadza kuphatikiza chomaliza cha likulu mu North. Mu nkhani imeneyi, Ming Mafumu wapereka yokha ndi thandizo la anthu kumpoto Chinese ndipo analimbitsa chitetezo cha dziko.

Mafumu a Ming

Monga tanena kale, mafumu lolamuliridwa China kuchokera 1368 mpaka zaka 1644. Min m'malo Mongolian n'chokwana mu chiwembu otchuka. Sikisitini mafumu a mafumu izi analamulira zaka 276. Pakuti mayiko, mafumu a Mafumu Ming zalembedwa mu tebulo pansipa.

Zotsatira za Alimi 'Nkhondo

Zinali iye amene anayambitsa kugwa kwa ufumu wa Ming. Amadziwika kuti wamba nkhondo, mosiyana ndi kugalukira, osati kokha lambiri, komanso bwanji zigawo zosiyanasiyana za anthu. Ndi ochulukirapo, mosalekeza, mwadongosolo, analanga chifukwa kukhalapo ndi kupezeka kwa pakati chiwongolero mfundo.

Ndi kumvetsa mwambo umenewu mwatsatanetsatane, kumvetsa mmene chinthu chomwecho chinachitika kugwa kwa Mafumu Ming.

Gawo loyamba la kayendedwe wamba inayamba mu 1628 yomwe inatenga zaka 11. 100+ zotupa analephera kugwirizanitsa maiko, polingalira omwe kuletsedwa. Gawo lachiwiri anabwera 1641 inatenga zaka 3 yekha. Anayamba kuyenda United zigawenga angathe mkulu Lee Tszychen. Iye anakwanitsa zambiri alipo akuwuka squads wachisokonezo kupanga m'mphawi ankhondo, zomwe ankasiyana mwambo, anali ndi njira bwino ndi njira.

Lee mofulumira patsogolo pansi pa chiphiphiritso otchuka pakati pa anthu wamba za chiwonongeko za Ming mafumu. Iye analimbikitsa kufanana chilengedwe, anapereka lonjezo lokhudza kumana misonkho pa mapeto a nkhondo.

Monga anatchuka, m'mawa wa 26.04.1644 pa belo, amene anaitana atumiki kubwera kwa mfumu Chong Zhen mwa omvetsera, ndi sanabwere. Kenako ananena kuti izi ndi mapeto, anamuperekeza wake anayamba akuusamoyo. Mfumukazi lomaliza anatembenukira kwa mwamuna wake ndipo anamuuza kuti kwa zaka 18 iye anali wodzipereka kwa iye, koma iye sanatero mwadala kumvera mwake, chimene chinapangitsa kuti zoterozo. Pambuyo pake, Mfumukazi anapachikidwa pa lamba wake.

Mfumu sakanachitira mwina, momwe angaphophonye kupha mwana wamkazi ndi mdzakazi wake lupanga ndipo anapachikidwa yekha pa lamba mu bwino. Zotsatirazi mfumu, malinga ndi mwambo wa nthawi, zapita onse Apolisi 80 chikwi.. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, Wamkulu Mfumu kumanzere cholembedwa pa chidutswa cha silika, amene analankhula kwa Lee Tszychenu. Mu ananena kuti onse akuluakulu - opanduka, polingalira zomwe kufa, iwo ayenera kuphedwa. Mfumu wolungama lake lonyamuka kuchoka pa moyo kusafuna adzamangidwa kwa wotsiriza, kunyoza anthu ake. Patapita maola angapo amithenga tizilomboto anachoka thupi Mfumu kumtengo, ndiyeno anamuika iye mu bokosi lomwe cholinga chake chinali osauka.

The manda a kwambiri Ming Mafumu

More ndendende, manda, monga dera la chikumbutso wotchuka kwa manda a mafumu khumi a mafumu a. Kumanda Ming chimafikira kwa 40 sq. Km. Malowa ali pamtunda za 50 kukafika ku Beijing (kumpoto) m'tsinde mwa mapiri aakulu a Kumwamba moyo wautali. Manda a Mafumu Ming pa mndandanda wa UNESCO World Heritage Site. Anthu ambiri Beijing chabe tikawaone.

Pomaliza

Manchu goli kumene-Qing Mafumu, tinganene, izo oletsa dziko pa European kusintha bourgeois, woipa China ndi mochuluka monga 268 zaka stagnation ndale ndi umoyo ndi zachuma kutsogolo kwa kukula kuwonjezeka atsamunda ya Europe.

Awiri a achepetse amphamvu kwambiri - za Ming ndi Qing. Koma kusiyana iwo ali lingamutsatire: woyamba anaonetsa anthu mwayi kulowa latsopano, njira mwapang'onopang'ono, muloleni iye omasuka ndi waphindu. The chachiwiri zidawawononga onsewo kuti analengedwa zaka zambiri m'thukuta, anachita boma reclusive.