Mayiko a azungu: mbiriyakale ndi mbali ya chitukuko

mayiko a azungu - ndi boma, lomwe mwachirengedwe Chilwa dera la kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. The ziwerengero analemba ndi akatswiri UN, mndandanda kumaphatikizapo limati naini: France, Belgium, Austria, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Germany, Monaco, Switzerland, ndi Netherlands. Komabe, mbali andale a European Union Member States onse aphatikizidwa mfundo mayiko a azungu. mndandanda Choncho kusinthidwa. Kuti izi zikhoza anawonjezera mayiko otsatirawa: Finland, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Iceland, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, Spain.

A History Mwachidule wa Medieval Ulaya

Modern mayiko a azungu unakhazikitsidwa pa dera la kale ufumu wa Aroma. Utatha wa boma wamphamvu 476 pamalo ake maufumu wakunja inakhazikitsidwa ndi mafuko Germany. Yaikulu kunali ndale ndiponso zachuma kucheza franc - makono France. mphamvu Big analinso ndi kuthetsa CE pa malo ano Spain, Ufumu wa Ostrogoths (Italy), chikhalidwe cha Anglo-Saxon (UK) ndi ena.

Onsewa mabungwe yandale yatsopano ogwirizana ndi njira wamba chitukuko: ndi kuphatikiza ya mafuko, mapangidwe amphamvu mphamvu monarchical, wotsatira kugawikana a gawo, ndipo potsiriza kumtunda centralization ndi mapangidwe boma limodzi. Ambiri a iwo mu mochedwa nthawi akale kukhazikitsa fomu mtheradi mafumu.

nthawi yatsopano

State wa Ulaya anadutsa siteji ya feudalism ndi bizinesi. Mu mphamvu ambiri otukuka zinachitika bourgeois zisinthe, dziko (la Netherlands, United Kingdom, France) apangidwa. Kumayambiriro masiku ano, pafupifupi onse mayiko zotsogola m'dzikoli limodzi ndi yolimbirana anatulukira ndi chitukuko cha m'mayiko ena. Nthawiyi amadziwika sayansi mbiri wotchedwa "M'badwo wa Apeza". Atsogoleri m'munda umenewu ndi Portugal ndi Spain.

Western m'mayiko njira wamba chikhalidwe: mu XV-XVI zaka ndi lothandiza kwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, umene unayamba mu Italy ndi kufalitsa wonse limati m'chigawochi. Mu XVII-XVIII zaka Ulaya anadza Chenicheni - nthawi yatsoka maganizo atsopano za ufulu ndi udindo mwayekha kwa anthu. Zotsatira - funde la kusintha bourgeois, imene zaka zochepa, mayiko Western zinanso. chifukwa awo chachikulu chinali kukondweretsa mode capitalist kupanga.

XIX m'ma m'mbiri ya Ulaya

Nthawi ya Napoleonic Nkhondo ali linachokera anasintha mapu m'dzikoli. anathandiza kuti ndondomeko wapangidwa ndi chisankho zotsatira za Vienna Congress. mayiko a azungu m'zaka 19 zasintha kwambiri mu mawu ndale, chuma, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo. Choyamba zaluso onse anakhudza mphamvu kamba m'bwalo lonse. Mu 1815 iwo unalengedwa ya Alliance Woyera, umene uli azimuth cha kuphatikiza kwa limati European Western.

The peculiarity wa lothandiza ndi kuti m'zaka za m'ma XIX anayamba kupanga nkhondo ndale blocs lalikulu, omwe anakhala ngati Poyembekezera ziwiri zapadziko lonse. Mayiko kutsogolera kumadzulo kwa Ulaya pa nthawi imeneyo anapanga tumphatumpha weniweni chitukuko mafakitale ndi mafakitale. latsopano Asilikaliwo chuma analengedwa, umalimbana yokonza Nkhondo zikuluzikulu.

European mayiko a azungu m'zaka za m'ma XX

M'ma latsopano zinali zodzaza ndi ziwiri zodabwitsa zoopsa nkhondo. Zochitika zazikulu kumenyana inayamba mu Ulaya (1914-1918) ndi Soviet Union (1941-1945). Zinali nkhondo pa dziko ndipo anaganiza zotsatira za nkhondoyo. Zochita anatengera pa misonkhano ya mayiko Western ndi Soviet Union, anatsimikiza pambuyo nkhondo kumtunda.

The theka lachiwiri la XX atumwi pakukhala kwa nkhondo pakati pa kachitidwe awiri - ndi zokomera ndi capitalist. Development wa mayiko a azungu ndi mwapadera kuyambira chikomyunizimu mu Soviet Union. zotsutsana zonsezi zachititsa kuti chilengedwe cha asilikali ndale blocs: ndi pangano Warsaw ku Eastern Europe ndiponso NATO - mu West. Komanso, mu 1948 anali ndi linakhazikitsidwa ndi Union Western European, chimene chinafika mpaka 2011. Mu 1992, malinga ndi Maastricht Pangano , European Union unakhazikitsidwa. mayiko a azungu, mndandanda umene tsopano kudzazidwa ndi mamembala atsopano, afika msinkhu qualitatively atsopano chitukuko.

Ulaya mu dziko lamakono

Union a European chonse cha anthu a anthu pa 500 miliyoni olankhula zinenero m'mayiko a European: ambiri Roma ndi German. gawo chimakwirira oposa 4 miliyoni makilomita lalikulu - ndi chiwiri mu dziko.

The peculiarity wa chitukuko makono a mayiko Western European ndi kudzipereka kwawo kuti kusakanikirana, ngakhale zizolowezi centrifugal m'madera ena. Mphamvu zatenga malo kutsogolera mu nkhokwe dziko ndalama zagolidi, mlingo wa chitukuko zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. The chochitika yamasika Mzimuyo chakuti ku Ulaya Western ndinu mmodzi wa atsogoleri m'bwalo lonse.