Nkhondo zaka seveni '1756-1763: zifukwa ndi zotsatira

Zisanu ndi nkhondo ya zaka 1756-1763 gg. Icho chinali chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha kusiyana limati European. Chinthu chachikulu chomwe kutsutsana ndi funso wa m'gulu la gawo pakati pa maiko awiri. Komanso, khalidwe cha nkhondoyi chifukwa cha rearrangement wa asilikali pa Africa ndi kuphwanya bwino chikhalidwe. Pamene mphamvu yatsopano ndi Woyesana utsogoleri anapanga Prussia, amene walimbikitsa pambuyo inalowa mpando wachifumu ndi luso wolamulira Frederick II mu 1740. Unachititsa nkhawa pakati angapo limati kutsogolera European, zomwe zinachititsa kuti chiyambi cha nkhondo.

General nkhani zandale

Zisanu ndi nkhondo ya zaka 1756-1763 gg. Izo zayamba chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha mikangano mphamvu yaikulu European. chakuti nthawi zogwirizana ndi mayiko awiri anamenyera ufulu kuti akhale ngati mtsogoleri m'bwalo lonse. France ndi England analowa nthawi yaitali nkhondo, amene anapanga mosalephera zida mkangano pakati pawo. Panthawi imeneyi, mayiko onse anayamba kugonjetsa atsamunda, ndi pakati pa iwo ndi mikangano zonse adanyamuka chifukwa cha kugawikana kwa m'madera ndi mitundu ya chikoka. M'bwalolo yaikulu ya nkhondoyo anayamba North America ndi madera Indian. M'mayiko amenewa, magulu awiri amene adzamenyane ndi zonse anakumana ndi mtima wa malire ndi malo kusokonekera. Ndi zotsutsana zonsezi zachititsa nkhondo asilikali.

ANAKULIRA kugunda

Zisanu ndi nkhondo ya zaka 1756-1763 gg. monga zotsatira za amveke ya boma Prussian. Frederick II anapanga kwambiri nkhondo woyenera asilikali a mfundo ndi amene anachimwitsa angapo kukomoka chifukwa chimene dziko lake ndi malire anamaliza. Kukula chifukwa Austria, kumene anatenga m'mayiko Silesia. Silesia anali mmodzi wa m'madera olemera kwambiri State, ndipo imfa imeneyi inali yaikulu kuwonongeka kwa boma. N'zosadabwitsa, kuti Mfumukazi Maria Theresa chidwi ndi kubweranso kwa m'mayiko anataya. Mu zinthu izi, wolamulira Prussian kupempha thandizo ku England, amene nawonso, ankafuna kukhala ndi katundu wake European (Hannover), ndipo analinso ndi chidwi iziyenda kuteteza mayiko amenewa okha.

Zisanu ndi nkhondo ya zaka 1756-1763 gg. ndipo anali chifukwa cha mikangano England ndi France kwa kugawa a m'mayiko atsamunda, ngati tatchulazi. Dziko lathu nayenso anali ndi zifukwa nawo asamenyane zida. chakuti zonena za boma Prussian anaopseza mitundu ya chikoka mu Poland, malire Baltic. Komanso, Russia kuyambira 1740s lapansi. Ndi womangidwa ndi dongosolo Austria Pangano. Pa mfundo imeneyi panali rapprochement dziko lathu ndi France, motero inkayenda odana Prussian mgwirizano.

Chiyambi cha nkhondoyo

Zimayambitsa Zisanu Zaka nkhondo 1756-1763 gg. anatsimikiza ukulu waukulu. Mu njira ya mphamvu kutsogolera European anakopeka nkhondoyo. Komanso, anapanga amadzibisa nkhondo zingapo: Ngelezi, North America, India ndi ena. Asilikali atasemphana variable ndigwire bwino mphamvu Ulaya ndipo anasintha mapu ake geopolitical.

Zisanu ndi nkhondo ya zaka 1756-1763 gg. Iwo anayamba ndi kuukira pa Mfumu ya Prussia Saxony. The mawerengedwe a wolamulira anali kutsatira: izo anakonza kulenga pano ankamasulira chifukwa cholimbana ndi adani. Austria Komanso, iye ankafuna kugwiritsa ntchito ngati dera wolemera kubwezeretsanso asilikali awo n'kukonza kupeza mwayi pa zinthu zake chuma ndi zinthu. Iye amaipidwa ndi Achisaxon kuukira linalanda mayiko amenewa. Atapambana nkhondoyo, Mfumu ya Prussia atachititsidwa mndandanda wa nkhonya kwa Austrians, iye anatenga nthawi zina mu Prague, koma asilikali kenako Austria inapha kugonjetsedwa ku mzinda wa Kolin. Komabe, asilikali Prussian anagonjetsedwa ku Leuthen, motero kubwezeretsa bwino choyambirira cha mphamvu.

anapitiriza kumenyana

Kulowa mu nkhondo France kobvuta kwambiri zinthu za mfumu Prussian komabe anatha kuika mdani wake watsopano manyazi kwambiri pa Rossbach. Kenako nkhondo inayambika dziko lathu. asilikali Russian anali m'gulu la kwambiri ku Ulaya, koma sanathe kuzindikira ubwino wake zinthu zambiri chifukwa chakuti akazembe zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri za nkhondo 1756-1763 gg. analephera tizigwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake. Mu woyamba waukulu mkulu nkhondo Apraksin, ngakhale kulilaka mdani, mwadzidzidzi analamula kuti abwerere. Kenako nkhondo Fermor anatsogolera England. Motsogozedwa wake, asilikali a Russia anatenga gawo limodzi la nkhondo zoipitsitsa pa nkhondo ya chaka chachiwiri cha nkhondo. Nkhondo sanam'bweretsere kapena mbali chigonjetso. Nkhondo Zorndorf wina wa m'nthawi yake imatchedwa nkhondo yodabwitsa.

Chigonjetso cha manja Russian

Zisanu ndi nkhondo ya zaka 1756-1763 gg., Mwachidule kwambiri mbiri iyo inabuka ku sukulu mogwirizana ndi nawo Russia, m'chaka chachitatu cha chitukuko walowa gawo zoopsa za nkhondo. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha mlili zigonjetso apambana mwa asilikali Russian motsogozedwa ndi mtsogoleri watsopano Saltykov. Iye anali wochenjera kwambiri, komanso otchuka pakati pa anthu. Zinali motsogozedwa, dziko la Russia anapambana chigonjetso chake wolemekezeka pa Kunersdorf. Pamenepo asilikali Prussian anali anagonjetsa, ndi pamaso pa mfumu ananyamuka ndi owononga analanda boma linali likulu. M'malomwake, anagwirizana asilikali anabwerera, monga dziko la odana Prussian Mgwirizano adayamba kum'nenera mzake kuti akuphwanya udindo.

Njira zina kanthu

Komabe, Frederick II zinali zovuta kwambiri. Anauzira British thandizo, kumufunsa kuti akhale ngati mkhalapakati pa Congress World. Zisanu ndi nkhondo ya zaka 1756-1763 gg. mwachidule za lipoti wapangidwa mogwirizana ndi nkhondo pamwamba Komabe anapitiriza chifukwa cha udindo wa Russia ndi Austria, amene anafuna chifukwa mdani wake ndiponso chomaliza nkhonya. Mfumu ya Prussia zingawonongeka kwa Austrians, koma mphamvu zonse chomwecho anali wosiyana. Asilikali ake anataya kumenyana angachithe, amene anakhudzidwa khalidwe la nkhondoyi. Mu 1760, Russian ndi Austria mphamvu wotanganidwa likulu la boma lake. Koma posakhalitsa, iwo anakakamizika kusiya pakumva za njira ya mfumu. Mu chaka chomwecho, otsiriza lalikulu nkhondo ya nkhondo, imene Mfumu ya Prussia akadali anatuluka wopambana. Koma watopa: nkhondo wina anataya pafupifupi theka la asilikali ake. Komanso, pa amadzibisa sekondale adani ake anali wopambana.

Chomaliza

Zimayambitsa Zisanu Zaka nkhondo 1756-1763 gg. amadza ndi maonekedwe a nkhondo. Ndipotu nkhondo kwambiri ku Ulaya zinachitika pakati Prussia ndi Austria, ndi nawo yogwira dziko lathu. Komabe, mogwirizana ndi imfa ya mfumukazi Russian anasintha lakuthwa mu mfundo yachilendo pamene m'malo ake. Mfumu yatsopano anabwerera Mfumu ya Prussia asilikali onse Russian wotanganidwa dziko, yolembedwa mtendere ndi pangano la mgwirizano ndi ngakhale anamutuma kuthandiza nyumba asilikali. Kusintha zosayembekezereka pazinthu opulumutsidwa Prussia ku kugonjetsedwa komaliza.

Komabe, anakwera wachifumu wa Catherine II anathetsa pangano, komabe, komabe kumverera chikhulupiriro chokwanira ku likulu la dziko, kodi si adzikonzenso nkhondoyo. Choncho, pa nthawi iyi pang'ono kutha zaka seveni nkhondo 1756-1763. Russia anatenga gawo mmenemo, koma sanapange akupeza iliyonse malo. Mfumu ya Prussia, masuku pamutu wotopa izi, Austrians chinaperekedwa nkhonya akuluakulu angapo, koma zinali zoonekeratu kuti chuma cha dziko lake lidzakhala kukoka kupitiriza nkhondo wamagazi.

North America kutsogolo atasemphana

Pomenyana si kwa Ulaya. A kulimbana aukali zinachitika mu North America, kumene British anakumana ndi muzochitika French pamudzipo. Mu zaka zisanu pakati pa mbali ziwiri Kunali kovuta kwa katswiri pa madoko, mizinda ndi mipanda. Nkhondo zaka seveni '1756-1763, naperewera pa zimene akunena yekha poyerekezera ndi zipolowe za mphamvu pa Ulaya, yosesedwa kotero dziko ndi kunja. The atasemphana kwambiri aukali zinachitika kwa Quebec. Chifukwa, France anagonjetsedwa ndipo anataya Canada.

Zochita mu India

Kulimbana kwa mphamvu zimenezi ndipo anayamba mu India, kumene British zonse athamangisa French ku malo awo. Ndi khalidwe limene kulimbana anali m'dziko ndiponso panyanja. Pomaliza, asilikali British athamangisa French ku malo awo mu 1760. Kupambana kumeneku wawasinthira England mu mphamvu yaikulu ndi atsamunda, ndipo potsiriza kuponderezedwa India mphamvu yake.

zotsatira

Zisanu ndi nkhondo ya zaka 1756-1763, zotsatira zomwe zafika anasintha map Europe ndi muyezo wa mphamvu pakati pa mphamvu yaikulu kukhala mwina lalikulu zankhondo ndiponso zandale kusiyana mu Africa mu zaka za m'ma 18. The zotsatira za nkhondoyi chibwana zinachititsa kuti kusokonekera madera atsamunda ndi muzochitika za chikoka pakati pa mayiko. Chotsatira chachikulu cha nkhondo chinali kusintha kwa England mu waukulu ufumu atsamunda kumtunda. Dziko lino lakhala mbamuikha pamalo ake mdani waukulu France ndipo anatenga udindo waukulu ku kufala kwa mitundu ya chikoka.

Terms of mgwirizano

The zotsatira za zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri nkhondo 1756-1763 gg. amadza, makamaka pa kusokonekera madera. Mu chaka cha kutha ntchito nkhondowo yosainidwa mgwirizano umene France anataya Canada, kupereka malowa odana ake, amene anapanga oterewa akupeza zazikulu malo. malo France pambuyo mgwirizano umenewu anagwedezeka kwambiri. Komabe, zimene ambiri achititsa kuti zifukwa mkati: m'dziko wakhala akamayamba pamavuto aakulu, zomwe zinachititsa zaka zochepa kuti zisinthe.

Mu chaka chomwecho, Prussia ndi Austria anasaina mgwilizano umene unakhalabe pa Silesia ndi m'mayiko ena. Chifukwa madera awa adatsutsana za zonsezi kwa nthawi yaitali iwo anali timakhala osagwirizana. Koma Frederick II pasanapite nthawi kuchokera pamene nkhondo anatenga njira ya rapprochement ndi Russia. Nkhondo zaka seveni '1756-1763 zifukwa, zotsatira zimene anatsimikiza chitukuko cha mphamvu ku Ulaya kwa zaka patsogolo, latsopano anagawira anagwirizana Gona ndi udindo. Kwa Russia, chifukwa chachikulu chinali kuti aphunzire zambiri khalidwe la Nkhondo mu kulimbana ndi mphamvu ŵa m'dzikoli. Linabwera ophunzira mu nthawi ya nkhondo asilikali Catherine, yomwe mabuku angapo kupambana kwambiri cha dziko lathu. Komabe, palibe phindu Kupititsa ufumu sanatero. Wolamulira sanayambe kulengeza nkhondo pa Mfumu ya Prussia, ngakhale kutsazikana ndi pangano la chigwirizano ndi iye, yolembedwa ndi mwamuna wake.

Udindo wa zipani

Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha asilikali anamwalira mu nkhondo imeneyi Austria. Kumwalira kwa mdani wake waukulu anali halved. Pali view kuti chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi kupha anthu oposa mamiliyoni awiri. Kuti nawo nkhondo analimbitsa UK ntchito madera ake North America. Makamaka, iwo kuchuluka misonkho, adalenga mitundu yonse ya mavuto chitukuko m'mafakitale Africa, kumene mu zinachititsa kuti ndisinthe kuphulika mofulumira wosakhutira wa atsamunda, amene anayamba nkhondo, kuyamba nkhondo yomenyera ufulu. Akatswiri ambiri pofufuza yankho pa funso limene walola Prussia kenako kupambana, ngakhale kuti nthawi zingapo wolamulira lake linali vuto kwambiri, zomwe mobwerezabwereza anaopseza kugonjetsedwa kwake komaliza. akatswiri angapo a kupeza zifukwa zotsatirazi: kusemphana maganizo ogwirizana, imfa ya Russian Mfumukazi ndi mosayembekezereka mfundo yachilendo. Komabe, zofunika kwambiri kuzindikira, ndithudi, chifukwa poyamba. Mu mphindi yovuta, ndiponso zikuluzikulu adani sanathe kupeza chinenero, zimene zinachititsa kuti kusagwirizana pakati pa iwo, zimene n'kothandiza wolamulira Prussian.

Pakuti chigonjetso chomwecho Prussian kunali kofunika kwambiri mfundo zoweta ndi achilendo chitukuko. Nkhondo itatha, iye anakhala wa mphamvu ŵa mu Europe. Izi inapita patsogolo ndondomeko kugwirizana kwa a unagawanika m'mayiko German mu gulu limodzi boma, ndipo pansi pa utsogoleri wa dziko lino. Motero, boma wakhala maziko a dziko latsopano European - Germany. Choncho, tingathe kunena kuti nkhondoyo inali yofunika mayiko, zotsatira ndi zotsatira zotsatira zake osati pa udindo wa maiko a ku Ulaya, komanso za malo amene ankawalamulira m'maiko ena.