Carolingian chitsitsimutso mu Ufumu wa Roma

Dzina lakuti "Papa" (ababa -. balati) ali mizu Greek. Zikuoneka kuti, mosiyana ndi zimene ambiri amakhulupirira, sanafanane ku Pappas - "Bambo" (Greek.), Ndi ku papas - (. Gk) "Mlangizi". Poyamba, iwo adachemera mabishopu onse, koma pambuyo dzina anatumizidwa ku bishopu wa ku Roma monga wolowa wa St. Peter -. Malinga ndi nthano, bishopu woyamba wa Rome. Mawu "papa" si udindo boma la mutu wa Roma Katolika. maudindo akuluakulu - Episcopus Romanus ndi Pontivex Maximus, lomwe limatanthauza "Supreme Mkulu wa Ansembe". mutuwu yachiwiri anatengera kwa Chikristu chisanayambe Rome. Gregory Ine Wamkulu ankadzitcha kuti "Servus Servorum Dei" - "mtumiki wa atumiki a Mulungu." Dzinali m'gulu la titulature papa.

Gregory a munthu wolemekezeka ndi olemera banja Roma. Pa udindo wake monga mkulu waboma ku Roma, aphunzire kayendetsedwe ndi zamtendere. Koma tsoka chifukwa cha nkhondo ya Lombards, zinasinthiratu mumtima mwake. Kupereka chuma chake kumanga mchitidwe umenewu, iye anayamba kutsogolera moyo wa kudzipatula ndi wokonda moyo wodzimana. Koma patapita kanthawi Papa Pelagius II anamuika monga nthumwi zake ku Constantinople pabwalo. Mu 590, atamwalira Pelagius Gregory anakwezedwa apapa anali. Iye osati anakonza boma kachipembedzo, koma kwenikweni anaima patsogolo pa malo Roma, bungwe la chitetezo, chakudya thandizo kwa othawa kwawo, etc. Kukhazikitsa bwino Gregory I ntchito boma wachititsa mkwiyo wa mfumu Byzantine, wakuti Papa wa nkhanza, Koma anaonetsetsa iye ulemu wa atsogoleri achipembedzo, anthu, ndipo ngakhale Lombards, amene anayamba kukopa kwake kusamukira ku Chikatolika.

Gregory anakhazikitsa chitsanzo lateokalaseli boma Italy, zidzafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane pa mapangidwe otchedwa boma papa.

Mwa mwezi wa VIII mu. Lombards litalanda pafupifupi onse katundu ku Italy Byzantium. Mu 752, iwo analanda Exarchate wa Ravenna, zikuthera Byzantine Bwanamkubwa-General ku Italy. Sitepe yotsatira inali kukhala adani a Rome. Osati kudalira mfumu ya Constantinople, chosakanikirana ndi zipolowe mkati, Papa Stephen II anatumiza pempho chithandizo kwa mfumu achifulanki. Caroling Korol Pipin ankayamikira abambo kuthandiza napasula yapita Merovingian mafumu ndi mpingo ukusowa zina legitimization mphamvu zake. Pamene misonkhano iwiri asilikali Italy, iye anakakamizika Mfumu ya Lombards woyera m'dera ku Roma Ravenna, kuphatikiza. Safuna kuti abwezeretse kazembe Byzantine, monga analimbikitsa ndi Constantinople boma, osati kutha kumvetsa zochitika Italy, Pepin anapereka Exarchate wakale Ravenna pansi pa ulamuliro wa utsogoleli wa upapa.

Tsatanetsatane wa pangano si yeniyeni, monga momwe zikalata zokhudza zinafa. Koma kenako papa amangosankha kutanthauziridwa monga chikalata cha mphatso - ". Mphatso ya Pepin" Patapita nthawi, ndi n'ngwokayikitsa "chopereka cha Pepin" unasanduka "chopereka cha Constantine" ( "Donatio Constantini") - mmodzi wa forgeries waukulu mbiri. Papa Chancery anali Kuzipeka satifiketi wasenza m'malo mwa Mfumu Konstantina Velikogo ( "Constitutum Constantini"). Malinga mwachita Constantine, amati kudzachiritsidwa mapemphero khate la Bishop wa Rome Sylvester mwapatsidwa ulamuliro wotsiriza pa mabishopu ena nampatsa ndi m'malo ulamuliro wapamwamba pa Rome, Italy ndi lonse la Western Roma. Yekha mfumu, osati kugawana mphamvu ndi Papa, anapita ku Constantinople. Malinga ndi buku ili, Pepin amagwanso yekha kwa apapa amene amayenera ake ndi IV lapansi.

N'zokayikitsa kuti Papa amadzinenera kuti mupereke izi Pepin yabodza ndi wamphamvu kwambiri m'malo ake. Iye ankagwira yekha mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka IX. pansi Papa Nicholas Ine m'tsogolo osati ntchito ndi papa wa ku wolungama pretensions wokwera mphamvu boma. Mfundo za chinyengo "Conatitutum Constantini" zinali mu 1440, koma m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Mpingo wa Katolika anakana kuchita zimenezi.

Pepin anayambitsa mzera yachiwiri Wachifulanki mafumu dzina lake Carolingian polemekeza atate wake - meya wa nyumba ya Charles. Germany "pangitsa" Chofanana Russian "ovich". Carolingians - zikutanthauza Karlovic, ana a Karla Martella. Nthumwi chofunika kwambiri mafumu uyu anali mwana Pipina Karl, anapita mpaka mu mbiri monga Karl Veliky.

States uyu mphamvu zapadera ndi luso watenga ulendo bwino kwambiri 'Sinthani mphamvu ya Roma la zida German. " Tinatengera yaikulu Wachifulanki ufumu bambo ake ndi bwinobwino Akanatero kum'mawa, kumpoto ndi kum'mwera, Karl anayamba kutha kwa VIII atumwi. mbuye wa pafupifupi lonse la chokhala Ulaya. Mu ulamuliro wake boma Wachifulanki anawonjezera ku Pyrenees kwa English Channel ndi Nyanja Mediterranean ku Baltic. Pa mayiko amenewa ankakhala France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Western ndi Kumwera Germany, Austria, kumpoto kum'mawa Spain ndipo mbali yaikulu ya Italy.

Kupitiriza malamulo a bambo wake, Charles mobwerezabwereza akulowerera m'zochitika Italy. Mu 772, iye anayambanso Franco-Lombard nkhondo. The chonamizira cha nkhondo ya Italy anakhala pafupi papa pempho kwa thandizo la asilikali. Poyankha madalitso Papa ndi mafuno nkhondo othamanga wa Lombards, Karl ananena kuti akufuna "kupambana, osati kuti akagonjetse." "Ine - adati - adzatchedwa Mfumu ya Afulanki ndi Lombards, kotero kuti asakhumudwitse anthu amene ndikuyembekeza kuti apambane." Pakati pa 774, ndi Lombard mfumu Desiderius kuzilandira kugonja. Anagonjetsa anamangidwa obisika, ndipo wopambana korona korona wake.

Kukhazikika ndi Karl Mphamvu kunaoneka a m'nthawi monga m'malo a Western Roma. Iye anali nayo mphamvu wachifumu, ndi Zinali zololeka amati mutu wa mfumu.

Mu chaka cha 800, Karl anapitanso ku Italy, kumene anthu otchuka Roma chiwembu Papa Leo III. Anakhala pafupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ku Roma, akudutsa makangano pakati papa ndi adani ake. December 25, Khirisimasi tsiku, iye anamvetsera Misa ku St. Petro. Bambo anapita atagwada Charles ndi kuvala mutu wake golide lachifumu korona. Pambuyo otchedwa acclamation: alipo Cathedral wa oimira Afulanki, Aroma ndi Saxon, Bavarians ndi anthu ena phunziro katatu anati: ". Long yapambana moyo ndi Carl August, pamwamba Mulungu wamkulu ndi mirotvoryaschy Roma" Acclamation amayenera kusonyeza thandizo ya anthu wolamulira wamkulu.

Karl anatenga regalia lachifumu. Koma kenako, malinga ndi wolemba mbiri yake Einhard ndi mlangizi, anasonyeza kusakhutira ndi "wosaloleka" akhalidwe Leo III ndipo anati, kudziwa zolinga za Papa, zingakhale tsiku kuti sanapite ku mpingo, ngakhale Khirisimasi. Umboni umenewu Einhard zododometsa mbiri yakale, chifukwa, monga zochitika zimasonyeza, Carl kwenikweni anamusilira mutu wake watsopano.

N'zotheka kuti Charles si kwathunthu ankachitika ndondomeko kukhala pampando wachifumu, mwadala akonza III wa Leon, anaika korona kuti acclamation linali kuimira chifuniro cha anthu, ndipo ankamuona ngati mchitidwe constitutive ndi Mfumu chisankho. chitsanzo lakhazikitsidwa: kukhazikitsidwa kwa mutu Kaisara kunali amadalira mchitidwe wa coronation Papa. Kenako, Karl anayesa kuthyola ndi chitsanzo osafunika. Mu 813, pa amaveka korona mwana wake Louis monga Co-wolamulira ndi wolowa nyumba, iye choperekedwa ndi nawo Papa. Mwa dongosolo la Karl achinyamata mfumu yekha ankaganiza korona pansi pa acclamation amene amafika ndipo analengeza mfumu ndi Augustus. Komabe, mopitirira wofuna papa ankanena kuti Karl Veliky anali yekha mfumu, pamene Leo III anaika pa iye korona wachifumu. Ataona zimenezi, ideologists ulamuliro lachifumu ankanena kuti kupambana recreating Western Ufumu anali yekha Charles ndi udindo papa okha mwambo ofunda.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ufumu mutu Carl Gona ndi kobvuta ndi Byzantium, komabe wadzikwaniritsa wolowa yekha wa Roma. The Byzantines anakhulupirira amadzitcha Aroma (Greek - Romeo), ndi mafumu ake - Aroma (romeyskoy). Maonekedwe a ufumu mphamvu chachiwiri, anati cholowa Roma, anaonedwa Constantinople monga kudzitengera a.

Charles ndi aphungu ake kachiwiri ntchito ndi "Roma" dzina maufumu: kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo. Koma nthawi yomweyo adafuna kuthekera kubwezeretsa umphumphu wa mphamvu za njira asilikali kapena zamtendere. Tikugwiritsa mapulani ukwati wa Charles ndi wolamulira Byzantine, Irina, mu njira iyi kuti "kugwirizana East ndi West" ndi kubwezeretsa mgwirizano pansi ndodo orbis Romanus ( "Mtendere wa Aroma"). Kuti mudziwe cha polojekitiyi ku Constantinople anafika akazembe achifulanki. Koma pa October 21, panali 802 ga yachifumu kulanda boma, osauka Irina mphamvu. Wachifumu wa East Roma anatenga protege wolemekezeka Nicephorus I (802 - 811), Wachifulanki kunyalanyaza "wonyenga". Only yotsatira 812 Basileus Michael ndinakakamizika kuzindikira kubwezeretsa ufumu Western ndi mutu ufumu wa Charlemagne.

Kuchira (restauratio) ndi watsopano (renovatio) "imperii romanorum" Carl ndinaganiza za ntchito yawo mbiri. Ngati mafumu achiroma , anafuna kumanga naye ku gawo subordinated kwa misewu, ngalande milatho komanso dongosolo yunifolomu ya poyeza, limodzi apamwamba ndalama. Makobidi a nthawi ya Charles fano mu toga Roma ndi mlombwa wreath atazunguliridwa ndi mawu akuti "inp Aug" ( "Augustus"). Mphamvu ya "kumadzulo mfumu" wapita kupitirira mphamvu zake. maganizo ake anali anamvera mu achingelezi maufumu Scotland, mu Irish maukulu mafuko.

nkhawa ambiri amene ankabweretsa Karl kasamalidwe ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo yogwirizanitsa anayamba mu ufumu ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Analowa "wakunja" anthu anauzidwa kuti akonzekere buku la miyambo yawo, ndi chiyembekezo cha kaphatikizidwe anayamba, onse okhaokha ndi lamulo la Aroma. Carl yekha tcheru kwambiri ntchito malamulo. Pambuyo coronation lachifumu anafalitsa 47 kufalitsidwa mutu nyumba, anafalikira mofulumira boma.

Nyengo Karla Velikogo otchedwa "Carolingian Kubadwa Kwatsopano". Iye osati nakhalanso Roma lachifumu boma, komanso chikhalidwe wakale pamaziko a akhristu atsopano, poganiza kuti asiye oipa ndi kutha. Back mu 789, chaputala nyumba yake "Admonitio generalis" nzika ouziridwa kuganizira za kufunika kwa maphunziro. Mfumu ntchito sukulu za pulaimale ndi sekondale, zosonkhanitsira ndi kubwezeretsa mipukutu yakale, chilengedwe cha malaibulale, chikusintha "buku luso".

Pa mtima wa ufumu Karla Velikogo anali Maganizo a mgwirizano wa Ulaya. mphamvu zake, mphamvu ndi wachikoka, wake "magnanimitas" anam'patsa thandizo la m'nthawi yake ndi kukhulupirika kwa atumiki. Munthu amatha ndikuyembekeza kuti Italy ndi Gau adzatha kuletsa zotsatira za nkhondo wakunja, anthu zakwawoko adzasakaniza ndi Germany ndi limodzi recreate ogwirizana Western Ufumu.

Charles anamwalira pa 28 January 814 Thupi "mfumu yaikulu amene anawonjezera ufumu Wachifulanki ndi zaka mosangalala XLVII akulamulira iwo" anaikidwa yopemphereramo wa Aachen Cathedral. Atangomwalira linayamba kuwonongeka (kudzitsitsa) adalenga dongosolo boma. Mwana ndi wolowa Karla Lyudovik, anapita mpaka mu mbiri ndi dzina cholakwika kwa mfumu, "ndi achipembedzo" movutikira kwambiri anasunga umphumphu wa ufumu. Mu 817, iye anapereka mutu nyumba "Pa dongosolo la ufumu" ( "Ordinatio imperii"), zomwe ananena mwana wake wamkulu Lothair "co-wolamulira ndi wothandiza m'njira zochitika za ufumuwo." Kenako mu manja ake anali kuganizira mphamvu wachifumu. Ana wamng'ono, ngakhale kuti ali ndi m'mayiko ambiri, anafunika kugonjera Lothar nkhondo ndi ndale. Komabe, "Ordinatio imperii" sichinayambe akuyendera. Atamwalira Louis, ana ake Lothar, Louis ndi Charles, akulephera kuchita nawo mphamvu, anagawa mphamvu ya agogo ake aakulu, ndi Europe Choncho Western.

Zinali njira imeneyi mosalephera zochitika? Zikuoneka kuti yankho ndi osokoneza. Carl recreate ufumu zinali zochokera pa yomalizidwa maziko mbiri wa boma la Roma. Romance ndi anthu Germany kale anasonyeza kuthekera kwa kuloŵerera mangawawo. Sungani ndi kubwezeretsa mtembo wa zomangamanga Roman, kulumikizana msika kukhala ndi dongosolo chonse ndalama. M'mikhalidwe labwino, Western Ufumu akhoza kupirira zizolowezi centrifugal ndi kulimbikitsa centripetal. Koma kulephera ndi irresponsibility oloŵa nyumba andale a Charles anatsegula njira siyana chisembwere. Bright maganizo aziona zimene zikuchitika wazamulungu anapereka Flor Lyons ku "Dandaulo wa Ufumu gawo." Ufumu umene "anali wotchuka mu maso a dziko, - analemba - tsopano chinang'ambika kuti shreds State posachedwapa akadali limodzi, ndi chidagawika patatu ... Mmalo mwa Mfumu -. Measly" malalanje magazi "m'malo Luntha -. Mapale wamba wabwino unatha ... onse chosakanikirana ndi kuchita zofuna zawo: ndikuganiza chirichonse koma anaiwala Mulungu ".

Pangano la Verdun anabweretsa Ulaya azingokhala, kugwa zachuma, mikangano wosatha, magazi ndipo agwera mu chisokonezeko. Pa nthawi imene monga kunyamula katundu mfundo kufika B anali ndi chintchito ndithu, kulumikizana wofunitsitsa msika, anali chilengedwe chuma.

Mpaka m'ma XIX. kugawa wa ufumu Charlemagne ankaonedwa sayansi mbiri unambiguously negative. Komabe, azambiriyakale French F. Guizot, ndipo A. Thierry ndikusinthidwa amayesa Pangano la Verdun, amene anatulukira, mu maganizo awo, kumanga misewu ya limati dziko, poyamba pa zonse, ndithudi, France. Iwo kuganizira mavuto amene analipira anthu kugawanika logwirizana Carl Ulaya ndi zomwe ine ndikhoza kuwonjezera, anali akadali kulipira.

Ophunzira Verdun mapangano kutali tiganizira njira, motsogozedwa ndi ubwino yochepa. Iwo sanena limatchula adzagawidwire gawo limene kenako pakhale nkhondo. Palibe kumene States anthu silinakwaniritsidwe mtundu umodzi.

Wamng'ono mdzukulu Karla Velikogo, amene analowa mbiri monga Charles ndi dazi, anali gawo romanized kumadzulo kwa Rhine. Middle mdzukulu - Louis ali chinthu German linali kum'mawa kwa Rhine ndi yaing'ono lamanzere gombe m'dera pamodzi malire pakati pa Rhine, anapereka "vinyo", akupangidwa ku South German mpesa. Pomaliza, mchimwene - Lothair analandira Italy ndi "apakatikati" m'mayiko Wachifulanki unali pakati pa Ufumu wa m'bale wake posachedwapa anakhala fupa la makani. Louis ndi Charles anakana kuzindikira ulamuliro lachifumu Lothar, koma iye anasiya udindo lachifumu, wopanda zili weniweni.

zochitika wotsatira asonyeza kuti si aliyense angathe kudzilamulira. Ophunzira Verdun pangano posachedwapa kulipira mabilu. chuma chawo zinaukilidwa kuchokera kum'mwera a Aluya (Saracens), kum'mawa - ndi Hungarians kuchokera kumpoto - Scandinavia Scandinavia.

Karl Veliky ankaika kuteteza malire ndi kumanga mzere za malinga malire. Mu kumpoto, idamangidwa ndi mtundu Chidanishi, kuphimba Saxony, kum'mawa - March wa Pannonia, ndi maziko a tsogolo la Austria, etc. zombo ndi doko maofesi zikukangalika ikumangidwa.

Komabe, kuloŵedwa m'malo cholimbikitsa zombo ndi misikiti ndi akumenya mikangano internecine. Atangoyamba kusaina Pangano la Verdun mu 846, pa kumuwombera Saracens tidakocheza ndi zombo Pirate, iye anaukira Rome ndi kuwononga gawo la mzinda. North kugawikana kwa ufumu anakhala mosavuta kwa Normandy. Mu 845 a sitima zawo mmwamba Elbe, anabwera Hamburg. mzinda anangotsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa, anthu ambiri anaphedwa. Wina Norman zombo anatsika khoka ku Paris ndipo, popanda wopikisana naye, n'kutenga katundu yense. Mu 50 ntchentche. zapadnofranksky Korol Karl ndi dazi udindo motetezera Norman anawazunza wa mnzake lake Robert Wamphamvu kum'patsa dzina la Chiwerengero cha Paris. Kenako, mu 987, akulu-mdzukulu wa Robert Gugo Kapet wobwezera anayambitsa French mafumu Capetian.

Osati udatotobwa pambuyo Pangano la Verdun, zidzukulu Karla Velikogo mobwerezabwereza anayesa kulanda katundu wa mnzake. Choncho, mu 858 German Ludwig anayesera kuti atenge mpando wa Charles ndi dazi. Poyankha, Charles ndi dazi anayesa kulanda dziko la nephews wake - ana a Mfumu Lothair, amene anafa 855. Mu 869, iye analanda Lorraine, koma anali kuuza Louis ku Germany. Mu 875, pambuyo yimitsira wa Lothair mafumu, Karl yomweyo anapita ku Italy korona wachifumu, kunyalanyaza ufulu wa mchimwene wake Ludwig.

Papa John VIII analengeza Mfumu Karl pofuna chitetezo chiwopsezo Arab. Mu 876, atamwalira Ludwig ndi German, Carl, kuyesera kugwirizanitsa onse "Roma ndi Wachifulanki ufumu" m'manja mwake, inaukila Germany, koma anagonjetsedwa ndi ana a Ludwig. Pa nthawiyi n'kuti Italy, Aluya anathamangira kwa mpanda wa Rome. Papa anaitana mfumu yatsopano thandizo. Carl kale anagula pa Normandy anawononga khoka chigwa, monyinyirika anapita 877 mu Italy, koma posakhalitsa anathawa poopa isanayambike asilikali German. Momwe iye anadwala ndipo anamwalira ali ndi zaka 54. Uthenga wa imfa ya mfumu reignited zikhumbo pa kulowezana kwa mpando wachifumu.

Ngakhale pafupifupi Charles yakana Zopatsa wake Italy, ponena kuti iye anali ndi kanthu kochita mu Italy pamene ufumu wake likuphwasuka. Pofuna kukhazikitsa bata, Karl pamaso wachiwiri Italy kampeni ovomerezeka kutembenuka kwa benefices dziko cholowa, komanso chibadwa positi kuwerengedwa. lamuloli linali pa malo ndi chaka cha buku mutu Kersiyskogo mutu nyumba 877 boma udindo udindo ndi atsogoleri inasandutsidwa maudindo cholowa kalonga. Pansi, anapanga mzera Kalonga ufulu wa mafumu malo. "Werengani chisomo cha Mulungu" - anatchula okha ena 878 m'madera olamulira.

Ulamuliro wa otsiriza a mafumu Carolingian inali nthawi siyana zina za achifumu kudzitsitsa mphamvu ndi chotupa cha binder yarns chuma statehood. Royal mutu nyumba amazikhulupirira mwachabe anaitana polimbana "looting zoipa ndi kuwonongedwa." "Kodi zodabwitsa ndi kuti ... anthu ankhondowo ife, kuba chuma chathu, ngati aliyense wa ife zikatichitikira anansi ake apafupi?" - kuwerenga chaputala nyumba 884

Ndondomeko anayambika ndi Pangano la Verdun, kunapezeka kuti unmanageable. Adzukulu Charles akadandaule chitsanzo choipa kwa ana awo aang'ono. Pa internecine awo kulimbana kudziwa pamaso m'magulumagulu mpando wachifumu, anaona kuti kusamukira ku msasa wina ndi mzake, kulanda mafumu odana dziko lapansi ndi maudindo. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana IX. Karl Veliky sindikanadziwa anasiya ufumu. Mwini ana ake anapitiriza 'kutha "mu seigneury theka-palokha, ndi mafumu posakhalitsa anamvetsetsa mapeto mochititsa manyazi. Mu Italy Carolingians analamulira mpaka 887 ga ku East Francia (Germany) - mpaka 911; mu West Francia (mtsogolo France) - mpaka 987

Makamaka tsoka modabwitsa analandira Lothar "pakati" pa dziko. Atamwalira mu 855 wa iwo zili kumanzere mtsinje wa Rhine, anali lidzasinthidwa ufumu woima, anatenga wake wachiwiri mwana Lothar II. Iye ankatchedwa Lothari regnum, Lorraine. Pa lotsatira zaka khumi Lorraine anali chinthu kulimbana France ndi Germany, chimene chinafika mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.

M'nkhani ya "chisokonezo seignorial," nyengo Karla Velikogo anayamba kuoneka ngati "golide zaka," ndipo iye - "tate wa Europe".