Luso chisanadze Columbian America. zaluso ndi zomangamanga anthu a chisanadze Columbian America

Pamene azungu woyamba adadza ku America, akukumana ndi chitukuko zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi chirichonse chimene iwo anali kale. Anthu akumeneko sanadziwe mfundo zambiri zimene yaitali ndi chosasunthika mu World Old. Anthu a chisanadze Columbian America sanagwiritse ntchito gudumu, Osasita zipangizo ndi anakwera akavalo.

Ndipotu n'zosadabwitsa kuti Amwenye, ngati iwo anamutcha mbadwa za ku America anabwera ku Europe, anakwanitsa kumanga chitukuko wokongola patsogolo. Iwo anali m'mizinda, limati yaitali misewu inali pakati pa midzi, kulemba, zakuthambo, komanso zinthu zakale wapadera luso.

Chitukuko cha chisanadze Columbian America adanyamuka paokha wina ndi mnzake mu chirengedwe zigawo ziwiri - mu Mesoamerica ndi Andes. Mpaka Spanish kugonjetsa, malo awa anali malo moyo ozindikira ndipo chikhalidwe m'dzikoli.

Mesoamerica

Izi dera chimakwirira kudera la pakati ndiponso kum'mwera Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua ndi Costa Rica. Anthu oyamba anadza kuno mu 12 Zakachikwi BC. Cities ndi States anatuluka mu lachitatu Zakachikwi BC. Kuyambira pamenepo mpaka chiyambi cha Spanish kulamulira mu Mesoamerica, panali zikhalidwe angapo olemera.

Oyambirira anali Olmec chitukuko anakhala pa gombe la Gulf of Mexico. Iwo anali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa miyambo yonse wotsatira wa anthu okhala kudera.

chikhalidwe Olmec

Luso kwambiri wakale wa chisanadze Columbian America akupereka zakale zachilendo kwambiri ndiponso zodabwitsa. Wotchuka chipilala cha chitukuko Olmec mitu chimphona anapangidwa ndi boulders basalt. Miyeso osiyanasiyana mamita imodzi ndi theka mamita 3.4, ndipo iwo kulemera pakati matani 25 ndi 55. Popeza Olmec analibe chinenero, cholinga cha nyama sakudziwika. Asayansi ambiri timakonda kukhulupirira kuti Mosakayika zithunzi za olamulira wakale. Zimenezi zikusonyezedwa ndi mbali ya mipango, komanso chakuti ziboliboli amenewa si ofanana ndi mzake.

Wina m'dera luso Olmec - yade chigoba. Iwo anaphedwa ndi luso lalikulu. Pambuyo kutha kwa chitukuko Olmec, masks awa akhala anatulukira ndi Aaziteki, amene amatengedwa ndi kuwasunga monga zinthu zakale zamtengo wapatali. Ambiri, chikhalidwe cha chisanadze Columbian America unakhazikitsidwa mu mphamvu ya anthu wakale umenewu. Zojambula, ziboliboli ndiponso ziboliboli za Olmecs anapeza mazana makilomita kuchokera m'madera awo kamodzi azigwira.

Mayan chitukuko

Kenako chikhalidwe lalikulu la Mesoamerica adanyamuka padziko 2000 BC ndi chinakhalapo mpaka nyengo ya colonialism European. Zinali chitukuko Mayan anasiya ntchito ambiri luso ndi zipilala. Kukwera apamwamba Maya chikhalidwe anali mu nyengo 200 zaka 900 BC. Mu nyengo iyi ya chisanadze Columbian America anakumana ndi kuyanga chitukuko m'tawuni.

Frescoes, anatsalira-ziboliboli ndi ziboliboli za Maya anapanga ndi finesse kwambiri. Iwo ndithu molondola thupi kufanana. The Mayas anali kulemba ndi kalendala, iwonso analenga mapu mwatsatanetsatane za m'mwamba, anatha kulosera za njira yodutsamo wa zoyenda ya mapulaneti.

Chabwino Art Maya

Zithunzi mtundu zasungidwa bwino mu nyengo chinyezi. Choncho, anapulumuka murals zochepa Mayan. Komabe, zidutswa za mafano amenewa konsekonse m'mizinda wakale wa dziko lino. Makombo kupulumuka amasonyeza kuti luso chisanadze Columbian America sanali otsika ntchito yabwino ya chitukuko chakale la World Old.

Maya anafika ulemerero mu kupanga mbiya, kuphatikizapo utoto. Kuumbidwa ndi dothi, si olandira kokha komanso mafano a milungu, olamulira, nyama totem, komanso zithunzi kuchokera tsiku ndi tsiku. Maya anapanga zodzikongoletsera za miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi ankachita nkhuni kusema.

, Ziboliboli zambiri ndi Antiokeya, ziboliboli, omwe amasonyeza mbiri ya chisanadze Columbian America a nthawi imeneyo. Maya ojambula zithunzi nthawi zambiri kumanzere tikuona mu mwala zofunika zochitika m'moyo wa anthu. Pa zithunzi zambiri pali zizindikiro zomwe ndi zothandiza kwambiri tanthauzo la mbiri yakale ankaimira pa zithunzi izi.

Mayan Zomangamanga

American chikhalidwe nthawi Amaya anakumana pachimake, omwe sakanakhoza koma kuganizira zomangamanga ndi. M'mizinda, kuwonjezera pa nyumba zogona anali ndi nyumba apadera. Kukhala zakuthambo wachangu Amaya anamanga zoyang'anira zinthu zakuthambo. Komanso, iwo anali ndi zifukwa masewero a mpira. Iwo akhoza ankaona m'mene minda ano mpira. Sami mipira zopangidwa ndi kuyamwa wa mtengo mphira.

Maya anamangidwira akachisi mu mawonekedwe a mapiramidi analowa, pamwamba amene anali opatulika. Anamanga nsanja wapadera, mpaka mamita anayi kutalika ndi cholinga cha miyambo anthu ndi miyambo ya chipembedzo.

Teotihuacan

Pa gawo la Mexico ano ndi tawuni mzimu wa Amwenye wakale ndi nyumba bwino anasunga. Palibe chisanadze Columbian American zomangamanga si anafika pamwamba ngati (kwenikweni ndi choyimira) monga Teotihuacan. Pali Sun Piramidi - chimphona yomanga kutalika mamita 64 ndipo m'munsi mamita oposa 200. Poyamba, mpingo matabwa anayima pamwamba pa izo.

Nearby ndi Piramidi wa Moon. Ndi kapangidwe wachiwiri kukula kwa Teotihuacan. Linamangidwa pambuyo Piramidi ya Sun ndipo kwa mulungu wamkazi wamkulu wa dziko lapansi ndi kubereka. Kuwonjezera pa awiri akuluakulu, mzinda ali ang'onoang'ono zinayi tiered nyumba zingapo analowa.

Images mu Teotihuacan

Pafupifupi nyumba zonse mu mzinda ndi frescoes. Background mwa iwo, kawirikawiri ofiira. mitundu ina ntchito kwa anthu ndiponso ena mbali chithunzi chitsanzo. Ziwembu frescoes kwakukulukulu yophiphiritsira achipembedzo, kusonyeza nthano za chisanadze Columbian America, koma palinso zithunzi za ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Komanso, pali zithunzi za olamulira ndi kumenyana ndi asilikali. Mu Teotihuacan ziboliboli ambiri, kuphatikizapo amene ali ndi zinthu kamangidwe ka nyumba.

Toltec chikhalidwe

Lero, pang'ono ndi kudziwika zimene zinali chisanadze Columbian America mu nthawi ya pakati pa dzuwa litalowa Mayan chitukuko ndi zikamera wa Aaziteki. Akukhulupirira kuti pa nthawi iyi ya Toltecs ankakhala Mesoamerica. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za akatswiri amakono awa amapeza makamaka ku nthano Aztec, imene mfundo zenizeni nthawi zambiri zapiringizana ndi zopeka. Koma zinthu zakale akadali zotheka kupeza ena mfundo zodalirika.

Toltec likulu la Tula inali mu chimene tsopano Mexico. Mu malo ake, zotsalira za mapiramidi awiri, mmodzi amene anali odzipereka kwa mulungu Quetzalcoatl (nthenga njoka). Pamwamba zake zinayi kanjedza chachikulu chosonyeza Toltec ankhondo.

Aztec Culture

Ku Spain anafika ku Central America, kumene anakumana ndi ufumu wamphamvu. Izi zinali chikhalidwe cha Aaziteki. Pa chikhalidwe cha anthu awa monga ife tikhoza kukuuzani mapulani osati zipilala. Chifukwa cha olemba Spanish, anafotokoza zimene anaona a chitukuko anasunga zokhudza ndakatulo, nyimbo ndi ed luso la Aaziteki.

ndakatulo Aztec

Ndakatulo luso chisanadze Columbian America, zikuoneka, anali ndi mwambo yaitali. Lang'anani pa nthawi imene Spain Aaziteki anali ndakatulo Mpikisanowo anakonza pamodzi anthu. ndakatulo ndi zambiri nawo fanizo, mawu ndi mawu ndi matanthauzo awiri. Panali angapo Mitundu zolembalemba: lyric ndakatulo, m'Chiarabu asilikali, nkhani m'nthano, ndi zina zotero ..

Zooneka zaluso ndi zomangamanga wa Aaziteki

Likulu la ufumu Aztec anali Tenochtitlan. nyumba kwake chogwidwa ndi mitundu kamangidwe, amene anatulukira chitukuko wakale chisanadze Columbian America. Makamaka, mzinda anaimirira 50 mita piramidi, amatikumbutsa nyumba ofanana wa Maya.

Zojambula ndi Antiokeya-reliefs akamachita Aaziteki ngati zochitika za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo zosiyanasiyana zochitika m'mbiri komanso chipembedzo. Kodi iwo ndi dongosolo la nsembe anthu, omwe adamangidwa pa zikondwerero zachipembezo.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zakale kwambiri zachilendo ndiponso zodabwitsa ndi Aztec Sun Stone - lalikulu lozungulira chosema, awiri a pafupifupi 12 mamita. Pakati pa mulungu dzuwa akufotokozedwa, atazunguliridwa ndi zizindikiro za anayi Nthawi zakale. Mozungulira mulungu alembedwa kalendala. Akukhulupirira kuti Sun Stone anali ngati guwa yansembe. Chikhalidwe bokosilo wa chisanadze Columbian America limasonyeza mbali yake angapo - kudziwa zinthu zakuthambo, miyambo chiwawa, luso luso kuphatikiza mu gulu limodzi.

Inca Culture

Anthu a chisanadze Columbian America afika mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko osati m'chigawo chapakati m'dzikoli. Kum'mwera, ndi Andes, ndi Inca chitukuko asangalala wapadera. fuko lino anali mwachirengedwe asakhalenso zikhalidwe Mesoamerican ndipo anayamba payokha.

Ainka akwaniritsa ulemerero mu zosiyanasiyana luso. chidwi chachikulu cha dongosolo nsalu, wotchedwa tokapu. Cholinga chawo sichinali kokha kuti zovala kwambiri kaso. Aliyense wa miyambo ya chitsanzo analinso chizindikiro kusonyeza mawu alionse. Ili mu ndondomeko zina, iwo apanga mawu ndi ziganizo.

Andean nyimbo

Nyimbo luso chisanadze Columbian America, mwina ukupezeka Andes kumene Inca ana moyo lero. Palinso magwero zolembalemba kuchokera kulamulira. Awa, tidziwa kuti Ainka ntchito zosiyanasiyana mphepo ndi percussion zida. Music limodzi miyambo yachipembedzo, ambiri a nyimbo n'zogwirizana ndi vuto la ntchito kumunda.

Machu Picchu

Inca anatchuka chifukwa mzinda wapadera anamanga m'mapiri komanso. Iwo anapeza mu 1911, kale anasiya, dzina lake lenileni silidziŵika. Machu Picchu mu chinenero cha kumeneko Indian amatanthauza "akale pamwamba". Nyumba mu mzindawu anamanga mwala. Midadada kotero ndendende kusintha kwa mzake kuti luso la omanga wakale zosayembekezereka akatswiri ngakhale masiku ano.

Culture North America

Amwenye, amene ankakhala kumpoto kwa masiku ano Mexico, sanamange nyumba mwala, monga piramidi wa Dzuwa, kapena Machu Picchu. Koma zinthu zaluso ya anthu a chisanadze Columbian America, tikukhala mu raoyne Mississippi Mtsinje ndi Missouri, ndi chidwi kwambiri. M'dera limeneli, ambiri akale manda n'chodabwitsa.

Kuwonjezera pa n'chodabwitsa yosavuta mu mawonekedwe a phiri, m'chigwa Mississippi mtsinje uko analowa nsanja ndi n'chodabwitsa, imene maphunziro a kanjedza ophimbidwa za nyama zosiyanasiyana, monga njoka ndi ng'ona.

Mphamvu ya luso pa dongosolo chisanadze Columbian America

Chitukuko wakale Indians m'mbuyomu. Koma panopa American chikhalidwe zimabala amaonekera mwa miyambo yakale analipo atsamunda. Choncho, zovala mtundu wa anthu ameneŵa a Chile ndi Peru ofanana kwambiri zovala za Inca. Mu zojambula aluso Mexico nthawi zambiri amapezeka zipangizo stylistic ankaikira luso wosalala wa Maya. Ndipo m'mabuku a olemba Colombia zochitika wosangalatsa intricately nsalu mu nkhani zimathandizadi ndi bwino omasuka Aztec ndakatulo.