Mu mgwirizano wa Mtendere wa Westphalia Spain anazindikira ufulu wa Holland. Terms of Mtendere wa Westphalia. 30 wazaka nkhondo (1618-1648)

Chimodzi mwa zochitika zofunika kwambiri kwa zaka za m'ma 17 - 30 chaka nkhondo 1618-1648. Iwo anali nawo m'mayiko pafupifupi onse European, iwo anasiya mamiliyoni ovulala. Mfundo zikuluzikulu pa nkhondo imeneyi waika pangano amatchedwa "Mtendere wa Westphalia". Zotsatira zake zakhala chofunika tsogolo lonse la m'mbiri ya ku Ulaya. Iye anamangidwa pa 15 ndi 24 October 1648, pambuyo zokambirana yaitali, chimene chinafika kwa 1644 ndipo sanathe kukwaniritsa zinthu ophunzira onse.

Mtendere wa Westphalia mu 1648

Iye ophatikizana Münster ndi anachisaina mtendere mapangano anamaliza chaka chino mu Westphalia. Mu mzinda wa Münster unachitikira nkhani ndi akuluakulu a Chikatolika, ndipo anachisaina - kuchokera mbali ya Chiprotestanti. Nthawi zina Mtendere wa Westphalia, ndipo zikuphatikiza pangano anamaliza January 30 chaka chomwecho, Spain ndi United Zigawo za Netherlands, imene inatha makumi asanu ndi atatu nkhondo monga kulimbana pakati pa mayiko amenewa ndi ofufuza kuona mbali ya zaka makumi atatu.

ndi mgwirizano Mapangano chiyani?

Anachisaina pangano ni mgwilizano anamaliza pakati pa Woyera Roma, Sweden ndi ogwirizana ake.

Münster a ufumu wa Aroma walemba ndi France ndi maiko anathandiza izo (izi zikuphatikiza Netherlands, Venice, Savoy, Hungary). limati awiriwa atenga amenewa mbali mu tsogolo la mbali yaikulu ya Ulaya, chifukwa wachitatu, komanso chofunika kwambiri, nthawi yovuta kwa zaka makumi atatu nkhondo, iwo anathandiza kuti tithe kumvetsa kumasulira kwake asilikali achiroma, omwe anathandiza kuti kugawikana awo m'tsogolo. Mtendere wa Westphalia makamaka anasankha chakudya chimene kudziwa kusintha dera lawo, kapangidwe andale ndi achipembedzo mu Ufumu Woyera wa Chiroma.

Zotsatira za zaka 30 nkhondo

The atasemphana zinatha maiko chomwecho? Mu mgwirizano wa Mtendere wa Westphalia Spain anazindikira ufulu wa Netherlands. Komanso, monga chikalata ichi, dziko kuti anapambana nkhondo ya zaka makumi atatu - France ndi Sweden anaikidwa guarantors kumvera ndi dziko. Izi mphamvu kulamulira zochita za mgwirizano osainidwa kale, ndipo popanda chilolezo yawo, sasintha nkhani umodzi. Choncho, onse a ku Ulaya anali kutetezedwa kusintha kulikonse padziko lonse zimene zingachititse kuti kuukira chitetezo cha mayiko ambiri. Ndipo kuyambira, chifukwa pangano, Mfumu German anali wopanda mphamvu, mphamvu zina waukuluwo Musaope chikoka chake. Mtendere wa Westphalia chinathandiza kwambiri Kupititsa redrawing, makamaka mokomera mphamvu wopambana wa France ndi Sweden.

Chimodzi cha kusintha kwakukulu pa mapu chinali chifukwa chakuti pansi mgwirizano wa Mtendere wa Westphalia Spain anazindikira ufulu wa United Zigawo. boma, anayamba nkhondo yake yomenyera ndi Catholic Spain monga kupanduka ndi analandira mu 1648 kuzindikira lonse.

Kuti muli kudziko limene akapambana nkhondo?

Malinga ndi chigamulo anatengedwa pa kusaina Mtendere wa Westphalia, ufumu wa Sweden analipira chopereka ndi miliyoni 5 talers. Komanso, iye adachoka chilumba cha Rügen, Western Pomerania ndi mbali ya East (ndi Stettin), mzinda wa Wismar, ndi bishopu wa Verdun ndi archbishopric wa Bremen (Bremen m'mudzi weniweniwo panalibe wina).

Sweden anapita m'kamwa mwa mitsinje yambiri yodutsira kumpoto Germany. Kukhala nazo ake German maukulu, Mfumu ya Sweden ndi mwayi kutumiza ziwanga kwa Imperial Zakudya.

kusaina France wa Mtendere wa Westphalia kunapangitsa kuti alandire umwini wa banja lolamulira la Habsburg ili Alsace, koma popanda Mzinda wa Strasbourg, komanso ulamuliro pa mabishopu ambiri Lorraine. Latsopano umwini pambuyo kusainira mgwirizanowo ndi kuonjezera chikoka cha dziko anamuthandiza mtsogolo kutenga malo hegemonic mu Europe.

German Duchy wa Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Brunswick-Lüneburg ndi Brandenburg, umene amapereka mwa dziko wopambana, komanso madalitso - anali tiwonjezere Mabuku awo chifukwa cha kugwirizana mabishopu zachipembedzo ndi mchitidwe umenewu. Ndi Saxony chifukwa cha pangano limeneli anali linalanda Luzatsiya, nalowa Bavarian Upper Palatinate. Elector Brandegburgsky ndinalandira zambiri lawo m'dziko limene Prussia unakhazikitsidwa ina.

Kuti dziko lapansi kwa Germany?

Terms of Mtendere wa Westphalia kwambiri moti Mfumu German anataya kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ufulu wawo wakale. Pankhaniyi, akalonga German linalandira ufulu kwa kazembe wa Roma, ndipo anakwanitsa kutsata wodziimira achilendo ndi zoweta ndondomeko. Mwachitsanzo, iwo akhoza nawo zochita za mliri wa nkhondo ndi mtendere ofesi awo anali kudziwa kuchuluka kwa misonkho, kwakukulukulu kudalira pa iwo kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo mu Ufumu wa Roma.

akalonga zenizeni akhoza kulowa mapangano ndi limati zina. Chinthu chokha chimene chinali palibe kwa iwo, - kulipira migwirizano ndi mphamvu zina ndi wolamulila wa Roma. Kulankhula chinenero chamakono, pambuyo kusaina mgwirizano umenewu mndandanda akalonga German anakhala nzika za malamulo adziko lonse lapansi ndi kutenga nawo mbali mu moyo ndale ku Ulaya. Mphamvu zawo ankalimbikitsa mapangidwe kapangidwe boma la Germany lamakono.

moyo wachipembedzo pambuyo 1648

Pankhani dera achipembedzo, chifukwa cha Mtendere wa Westphalia mu Germany ndi ufulu wofanana Akatolika, Calvin ndi Alutherani ndi mtchatho ndi kusiya kupembedza a m'mayiko mpingo, umene ikuchitika 20 ntchentche za m'ma XVII. Kuyambira electors sanathe kudziwa kuti nzika osiyana zikhulupiriro. Komanso pansi mgwirizano wa Mtendere wa Westphalia Spain anazindikira ufulu wa Holland. Kumbukirani kuti kumasulidwa kuyenda mu dziko lino adayamba ndi zosonyeza kukwiya Catholic Spain. Ndipotu, mgwirizano uwu wakhala mtchatho kugawikana ndale za Germany, maphunziro mu mbiri umenewu wachifumu wa dziko lino.

Choncho, Mtendere wa Westphalia ali kwambiri analimbitsa mphamvu ya France, kumasula izo kuchokera Chipilala-mnzake, Spain, amati udindo woyamba mwa mayiko onse European.

Ntchito inanso yofunika ya pangano ili, limene mbiri yakale amati: ndi maziko onse mapangano European wotsatira mpaka XVIII atumwi, pamene French zinachitika. Bourgeois zisinthe. Mu mgwirizano wa Mtendere wa Westphalia Spain anazindikira ufulu wa kumpoto Netherlands. Komanso, malamulo kuzindikira mayiko a Soviet Swiss.

Mtengo wa Mtendere wa Westphalia

Motero, panganoli wotchedwa chochitika zinayambitsa amakono kuti dziko, amene amathandiza pamaso pa mtundu limati dziko ndi zotsatira za mfundo zina za malamulo adziko lonse lapansi. Mfundo bwino ndale, mwina inakhalapo chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana za Mtendere wa Westphalia. Mwambo kuthetseratu dera lawo, malamulo ndi achipembedzo zokhudza mu ubale wa States awiri kapena kuposa ntchito kulowelela kwa maulamuliro ena amphamvu ndi European anaonekera kuyambira pamenepo.

Mtengo wa zaka 30 nkhondo mapangidwe dongosolo malamulo

Lingaliro la "dongosolo Westphalian", kutanthauza dziko la chilamulo ndi madera pambuyo 1648, amatanthauza kuonetsetsa ulamuliro wa dziko lililonse kuti m'gawo lake yovomerezeka. Mpaka m'ma XIX malamulo a mgwirizano ndi zikhalidwe za Mtendere wa Westphalia makamaka anatsimikiza ndi malamulo a Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma.

Pambuyo kuoneka pangano makamaka kulimbikitsa ufulu wa Chikhristu kusintha ndi miyambo Roma Katolika Chikhristu, chimene chiri chofunika kwa maganizo a sayansi chikhalidwe. Komabe, asayansi ambiri amene ena zolakwa chakudya, amene pambuyo kusaina mgwirizano anafunika akukhala wa Germany. Choncho, iwo anakakamizika kuchita chipembedzo, wolamulira wosankhidwa, kuti makamaka ufulu wachipembedzo kulibe. Koma ngakhale zolakwa zonse, Mtendere wa Westphalia ndiyedi woyamba (ndi bwino) pofuna kuti akonze dongosolo la malamulo adziko lonse lapansi.