Kodi mabuku ndi dongo? panali pamene wotchuka laibulale ya mabuku dongo?

Palibe zodabwitsa iwo amanena kuti mtengo kwambiri tsiku mfundozo. Ndi mfundo yoyenera, anthu akhoza kuchita chirichonse chimene iwo akufuna. Tinazindikira za izo ndi makolo athu. Anayamba kalekale zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo mabuku dongo kutsimikizira kuti iwo anayesera kukonza iwo onse kwambiri kapena zochepa wapatali.

Mwa njira, kodi ndi dongo bukulo? Ngati inu simukudziwa yankho la funso limeneli, ife amati inu mukuwerenga nkhani iyi. Mu inu mudzapeza mayankho a mafunso awo onse kuchokera kumunda.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Pakali pano, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti amakezana anthu chitukuko, amene anafika nthawi zonse kuti heyday wake, anali Mesopotamia. Izo zinayambira pafupi zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri zaka asanabadwe ndiKhristu pa malo modziwika bwinobwino osankhidwa, mu chigwa cha confluence a mitsinje lalikulu - Tigirisi ndi Firate. Kuti dziko lino anali anthu zachilendo ndiponso zodabwitsa Sumerians, amene amadzitcha okha "anthu a Blackheads lapansi."

mudziwe yojambula

The Sumerians limatchedwa zakuthambo akale. Iwo zakuthambo ndi okhulupirira nyenyezi simutero, zomwe zimawachititsa ziphunzitso wakale wa dziko lathu. Kutulukira awo wasanduka zakale kwambiri. dongosolo kulemba zizindikiro zomwe zinkafanana mipiringidzo mwachizolowezi, wedges. Chifukwa, kachitidwe kawo alifabeti nalo dzina lake zachilendo.

Mu zaka amenewo chilipo mfundo kulemba anali dongo. Kumene, chinachake ankatha kulemba pa khungu. Koma! Choyamba, atavala zikopa - chidutswa si wotsika mtengo ngakhale ndi mfundo lero. Kachiwiri, anthu ankadziwa kuti chikopa mpukutu sapulumuka moto, mliri wa makoswe kapena mvula. Makamaka nkhawa okhometsa msonkho uyu, obwereketsa ndalama, madokotala ... Mwachidule, anthu onse amene ntchito yake mwachindunji amadalira kukhulupirika kwa mudziwe amalandira. Koma kodi dongo bukulo? Kumene, deta padziko n'chochepa kwambiri ...

mudziwe luso

Ndipotu zipolopolo mapale, padziko omwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa clerks mudziwe asanakhale kupisa mu billet zofewa ng'anjo. njerwa Modern padziko limene pali chilemba cha Mlengi Ndipotu - yemweyo "buku".

Woyamba "media" wa mtundu uwu zinalengedwa pa zaka zikwi zinayi Chikhristu chisanayambe. The mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa izi "mabuku" Ndiwe wosiyana kwambiri. Anali athyathyathya, otukukira kunja, chowulungika ndi lalikulu, "buku" ... Ena a iwo anali kukula kwa kope zonse, koma winayo anali opendekera kuposa masentimita 45! Ndi chimene kabukhu dongo.

Kodi kulenga ndi buku longa?

luso linali losavuta, ngakhale kwambiri, choyamba mlembi anamuyika anakonza anapanga workpiece pa zolimba ndi mlingo pamwamba, kenako, zida ndi ndodo lakuthwa, anayamba Finyani kunja pa chizindikiro cha zilembo zakale za alifabeti. "Bwino" mlembi wake wakale anali pafupifupi mofanana lero ife akugwira pensulo. Yang'anani pa ana akusewera, chinachake kuti alembe mu sandbox ndi: Ndipotu, iwo akuyerekezedwa ndi ambuye akale.

Kuonetsetsa flatness ndi kufanana ntchito otchulidwa dongo, musanayambe mbale zambiri ndasonyeza ntchito chingwe taut. Nthawi zambiri mlembi wodzazidwa osati mbali zonse za bukhu, koma ngakhale anatha kuika zambiri pa malekezero ake. Ancient "ogwira ntchito" zipolopolo chikalata yomalizidwa mu uvuni. Komabe, nthawi zambiri moperewera "pepala" chabe zouma padzuwa. Ngati pa zifukwa zina kalaliki analibe nthawi kutsiriza ntchito zawo amapita limodzi, ndi atakulungidwa mu yonyowa pokonza nsalu workpiece.

Monga anthu ankatsogoleredwa ndi ya mapiritsi?

Chisumeriya zakale yaying'ono view kwa kalatayi kunali ayi. Mwachibadwa, kwa chilengedwe cha kwambiri kapena zochepa yaikulu mndandanda wa malamulo, mndandanda wa katundu kapena chinachake chonga icho ambiri anasiya ngati si mazana mapale. Monga izo yokonzedwa ndi "okhutira" mabuku awa? Ndipotu, kufufuza mwachilengedwe kulibe?

Wapakati Chisumeriya buku Ndipotu inkakhala dazeni mbale yakeyi. Pamalo basi - pansi khalidwe lomaliza pa tsamba timaika kwambiri malire, ndipo pansi analemba buku chiwerengero, chimene ndi kupitiriza lembalo. Mayina zambiri anapanga ku mawu awo choyamba. Sichoncho amatikumbutsa njira kupulumutsa mpukutuwu ndi kusakhulupirika mofanana Microsoft Mawu?

Choncho tinaphunzira kuti mabuku dongo. Koma pamene kusunga koposa izi zonse m'dziko lonse la kalelo? Monga tsopano, chifukwa zolinga zimenezi zinakhala laibulale. Choncho mabuku ntchito - mmodzi wa wamkulu ndi wolemekezeka kwambiri mu dziko.

laibulale wakale

Zonsezi ndi zofunika kwambiri ... Koma pamene laibulale mabuku ndi dongo? Amene anali woyamba mu mbiri ya anthu?

Back mu 1841 kale likulu la France Modabwa kwambiri telegraphed uthenga ku Arabia: "Ine ndikukhulupirira kuti anapeza wanga wa nyumba yakale. Mwina ndi zifukwa zabwino chifukwa cha nthawi ya maluwa a ku Nineve. " Munthu amene anatumiza uthenga wa Paulo unali-Emile Botta. Iye muthu Society of France analamula kupeza m'Baibulo Nineve. Oddly zokwanira, koma iye anali kuchita izo, ndi laibulale yoyamba mabuku dongo anakhala kwa anthu.

Patangopita maola ochepa manyuzipepala onse akuluakulu a nthawi zinadzala ndi mutu zokopa tikuwauza wamkulu ofukula zinthu zakale apeza. Ndipo chotero kukomeza anali ndi zifukwa zomveka: pambuyo pa zonse, koma mpaka tsiku la sayansi boma alibe deta iliyonse osachepera monga momwe ena tapita mwa nthawi ya mapiramidi ku Iguputo. Pakati amapeza anali Botta ndi laibulale ya mabuku dongo. Mzinda wa Nineve osati kutsimikiziridwa kuti zikuchitikadi, komanso kuti akatidzadza anthu mfundo yofunikira kwambiri, imene ili "tsamba" miyala yapadera dongo.

Asuri laibulale

Mu 1852, mmodzi wa ofukula chachikulu munthawi yake, Genri Ostin Layard, nayenso, kudabwa dziko mu kutsegula wapadera. Iye anali wokhoza kukumba kunja m'bwalo la mfumu yomaliza ya Asuri Ashabanipalu, zomwe m'nthawi mwaulemu otchedwa "Nyumba ya malangizo ndi uphungu." Kumeneko anali wamkulu mtengo aluntha a nthawi imeneyo - laibulale kwambiri mabuku dongo, amene mafumu a Asuri anasonkhana mu ulamuliro wake.

The chododometsa mbiri: pafupifupi zaka chofunika kwambiri olembedwa zipilala zaka za makedzana wamba anakumbatirana mu chapansi pa British Museum. Izo zinali kokha pambuyo masitepe oyamba anapangidwa chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti zolemba za anthu akale, olemba mbiri Kenako, ndinazindikira yofunika kwambiri (koma kodi pali chamtengo!) Chuma tikufufuza kusonkhanitsa fumbi anawasema ndi ... Popeza ndiye anayamba chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti mwadongosolo mabuku onse opezeka.

Kupambana kwakukulu kwa Ashabanipalu

zaka zoposa zikwi zitatu kutilekanitsa ndi nthawi imene anali mfumu yomaliza ya anthu pankhondo azichita mlembi wake mawu samveka amene anapulumuka kuchokera mu kuya kwa zaka zambiri. Iye akuti analamula kugogoda pa zolemba mwala, ntchito ya luso la zolembalemba, amene sanapite kapena kuwerenga akalambula ake. Mfumu ananenera, iyeyo ndi wodzikweza luso lake kuwerenga ndi lamulo lake kugawanitsa laibulale mu partitions.

Mwa njira, kodi gulu la laibulale mabuku dongo? Mfundo si wosiyana kwambiri kuchokera lero. Kumene, ndi mtundu wanyimbo magawano sanali, koma bukhu chabe kuthetsa ndi wolemba, dziko ndi zina zotero .. zinthu zonse zolembedwa anaikidwa pa poyimitsa yaikulu. laibulale ankapita ndi woyang'anira. Ndiko kumene kunali laibulale ya mabuku dongo wotsegulira woyamba makono chitukuko.

Izo ziyenera kuti zotsalira za si kwambiri. Mabuku ochuluka pa nthawi imeneyo unagawidwa shards osiyana, kotero kuti decoding akadali.

laibulale kwambiri

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti dzina la Ashabanipalu mwadala anapulumuka zaka. chakuti mfumu wasonyeza luso kwambiri kulinganiza zinthu, wandale mwaluso ndiponso munthu amene anali chidwi chikhalidwe ndi sayansi. Zikuoneka kuti pa nthawi yovuta kwa mfumu ina ya Asuri sangakane kupeza nthawi maphunziro amenewa.

Iye anayika khama moona Herculean kusonyeza bwino pa dothi pamene mabuku laibulale mu mkhalidwe wake. Mzinda wa Nineve unali sayansi ndi chikhalidwe pakati osati Asuri koma mayiko onse alipo. Iye anapereka lamulo wapadera, chimene dziko n'kuyamba kuthamangitsa mazana a alembi, ndi kulindira zitsanzo zonse za luso chabe. Kupeza Motero, ndendende anakopera ndipo anatumizidwa ku likulu la yosungirako. Apa mmene mabuku laibulale dothi Nineve analandira wapatali buku deta.

Iwo ali mabuku enieni a lemba, zinalembedwa akale ku Egypt, ndipo ambiri a Asuri, Babulo ndi Akkad. Pamene laibulale anatulukira ndi Botta, izo anali pafupifupi 20,000 matailosi. asayansi amakono amene anavomereza deta osungidwa kwambiri anadandaula, osalephera, poyamba anali osachepera malemba 100,000 anawasema kuti kusunga! Kalanga ine, koma iwo ndithudi anataya chitukuko na kwenda. Wotchuka laibulale ya mabuku dongo zinali mphamvu kukakamiza nthawi destructional.

The toyesa chidali yosungirako wakale

Pasanapite nthawi zinadziwika kuti Asuri ndi Ababulo ankadziwa mwangwiro masamu. Kale pa zaka zikwi ziwiri Chikhristu chisanayambe wa sayansi anatha kuthetsa mavuto zovuta geometrical. Mfundo wotchuka atapachikidwa Gardens wa Babulo popanda kuwerengetsera sizingatheke kulenga, kuti asayansi okha anatsimikizira mu kungolota awo.

Kodi wapatali ntchito pa zakuthambo. Ambiri a iwo zinalembedwa pafupifupi mileniamu ndi theka asanabadwe Ashabanipalu. Phindu la mabuku awa ndi kuti zinali zosavuta kuti mungawononge chitukuko cha sayansi zakuthambo kuyambira kale. Kunapezeka kuti ziggurats, amene zitayimbidwa ndi anthu amasomphenya ambiri nthawi, anali woyamba mu zoyang'anira dziko. Chaka ndi chaka ansembe anali ndi iwo, kuona kayendedwe ka zinthu zakuthambo, wambirimbiri kudziwa kwambiri. Iwo ndi sizikakutherani kwambiri analowa mu dongo bukhulo lomwe lili chithunzi nkhaniyi.

kalendala wakale

Malinga ndi mfundo zimene asayansi ndi mabuku akale, anthu a Asuri ndi Babulo anali wokhoza kulosera mwezi ndi dzuwa kadamsana, anadziwa zonse za zili m'njira ya matupi onse a m'mwamba, chimene chikanakhoza kuwonedwa ndi apoyera. Planet nyenyezi mu masiku amenewo komanso aphunzira kusiyanitsa. Pali matebulo zambirimbiri kuwerengetsera kwa malo interstellar. Ndi zodabwitsa, koma ambiri a iwo ndi zolondola ndithu. Izi sizinali choncho kalekale, ngakhale analemba odziwika bwino Chikazaki wolemba Suleimenov. "Clay Book" ntchito yake yomaliza, nkhani liri pafupi nthawi zakale.

Pamaziko a mapendedwe wachikale wa mwezi ndi dzuwa, ansembe anapanga kalendala yao. Iye anali amazipanga wapatali kwa nthawi zimenezo, chifukwa chakuti kudziwa chiyambi nthawi yodzala ndi kukolola mbewu. N'zosadabwitsa zakuthambo Asuri ndi Babulo kum'lemekeza ngati ndi ulemu yamakedzana.

chidziwitso Geographical za anthu akale

chidwi kwambiri mu olemba mbiri yakale 'atlases Hrs, "anapezanso mabuku wotsalayo. Ngakhale makadi anali wosazindikira ndithu, chifukwa zinali zotheka kwambiri kudziwa maphunziro m'dziko la Iguputo Urartu. Asuri anali ngakhale maphunziro kwenikweni kwa madera, zimene zikusonyeza mayina a kumayiko mitu yawo, mayina a mitsinje yaikulu m'madera linalake. Komabe, chipangizo cha dziko loyandikira, iwo sankadziwa zambiri, makamaka motsogozedwa ndi ziphunzitso wosangalatsa.

Choncho, dongo mabuku oyamba pa malo a dziko lathu ankaona kuti mzinda wa zinthu zonse. Komabe, pafupifupi maganizo omwewo anali ndi asayansi a Zapakati, choncho palibe zodabwitsa.

makampani Medical

Ngakhale bwino, Zinaonekeratu ku anasunga Mfundo zachipatala. Chitukuko cha Ababulo ndi Asuri Abharaamu atawira kuti matenda amayamba potsatira mizimu yoipa. Buku lili kwambiri zamatsenga kuyendetsa masika. Oona za mbiri apeza ngakhale maganizo odalirika a mchiritsi a nthawi imeneyo, amene analemba za kufunika kuumba fano dongo chiwanda amazunza thupi la wodwalayo. Pambuyo chidole ino akukulimbikitsani kuwononga.

Oddly, koma zinthu zimenezi, wafika odabwitsa pamwamba opaleshoni. Choncho, mabuku zachipatala pa mapale kuchitira zimakhala zovuta kwambiri (kuphatikizapo miyezo yamakono) opaleshoni m'mimba. Komabe, izi Asuri anafika pamwamba si onse Mwachitsanzo, mu ntchito ya mtima zachipatala nyengo ankaona ngati "zapamwamba wa moyo," ndi mbali ya ubongo anthu ambiri sankatikayikira chilichonse.