Novgorod - wakale Russian mzinda mbiri, zowoneka, chikhalidwe, zomangamanga, chithunzi. Amene analamulira wakale Novgorod?

Ambuye Novgorod Wamkulu - naye mwaulemu unkatchedwa mzinda kumpoto mu Asilavo onse a kum'mawa. Choyamba Novgorod osankhidwa malo kukhazikika bwino - mu zaka makumi angapo, kuthetsa yaing'ono anakhala mphambano wotanganidwa wa zamalonda. Nkhani mwapadera Novgorod wakale, mzinda anachita ichi, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani pamapeto, zilibe tanthauzo lake? Yesetsani kumvetsa.

Poganizira zimene zinachitika

Azambiriyakale motsogozedwa kuphunzira za m'mbuyomu maphunziro monga Novgorod? Mzinda wakale sanabwere balamanthu - ndi pamaso pa ducts yonyowa Ladoga anaonekera na ciyezezo mayina mudzi, m'matauni osiyana siyana ndi townships. Azambiriyakale kuganizira yomanga mapulani ndi kusanthula folklore. Onse zambiri anasonkhana pang'ono pang'ono, izo zimakhala maziko a kubadwa kwa malingaliro mbiri.

Choncho anawuka, ndi Novgorod. Mzinda wakale anatchulidwa mbiri chibwenzi kumbuyo kwa chaka 859. Zikamera wa m'mudzi amagwirizana ndi dzina la Prince Rurik, amene anachokera m'mayiko a kumpoto kulamulira madera kum'mawa. Poyamba Rurik Novgorod anachititsa likulu lake. Koma atakhala Kiev, anasiya Novgorod mutu wa akuwoloka malire - mpanda wolimba amene anaima kutiyang'anira malire kumpoto kwa dzikolo.

Chiyambi cha dzina

Ancient Novgorod sizinkachitika akale. Dzina la mudzi zikusonyeza kuti analengedwa pa mzinda alipo. Malinga ndi ganizo loperekedwa wina, Novgorod adanyamuka pa malo a matawuni atatu ang'onoang'ono. Pamodzi, wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba tawuni yawo yatsopano ndi kukhala mzinda watsopano - Novgorod.

kungoganizira wina anasonyeza kuti pali wina, zambiri wakale m'mudzimo. Pamudzi wotero anapezeka pa phiri la pafupi ndi pamalo pali Novgorod lero. Ancient phiri lotchedwa linga. Zafukulidwa asonyeza kuti pa gawo pa phiri pali midzi yaying'ono (mwina anthu otchuka m'dera ndi ansembe achikunja). Koma palibe mmodzi kapena amanena ena sangathe kupereka mayankho a mafunso ambiri amene anapeza zaka masauzande ambiri a mbiri ya mzinda.

zana loyamba

Poyamba, Novgorod wakale anali wamng'ono matabwa m'mudzimo. Chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa madzi pafupipafupi okhala nyumba zawo pa kamtunda ndithu kuchokera ku nyanja, pamodzi m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewo. Kenako, "wovulala" msewu wolumikiza m'madera osiyanasiyana a mzinda. Choyamba Novgorod Kremlin anali unremarkable matabwa dongosolo. Chotero linga yaing'ono Russia wotchedwa citadel cha kukula yaing'ono ndi mphamvu zoonekeratu.

Detinets wotanganidwa lonse kumpoto-kumadzulo mbali ya m'mudzi. Izi wakale zokopa Novgorod ndi zochepa. Kutsidya lina la Prince wotanganidwa zinyumba ndi tinyumba ta wolemera Chisiloveniya m'mudzimo.

Maulendo loyamba

Ziribe kanthu momwe ang'onoang'ono mwina tikuona mfundo tikaona m'mbiri ya iwo akhoza apangidwe mbiri ya Novgorod. Mwachitsanzo, mu m'masiku a m'ma 9 akunena za kampeni ya Prince Oleg wa Kiev. Izi zachititsa kuti mgwirizano wa mafuko awiri Asilavo - m'munda ndi Ilmen Asilavo. M'mbiri ya mayiko chakhumi m'ma kuti anthu a Novgorod anali makhwawa a Scandinavia ndipo analipira iwo 300 hryvnia pa chaka. Kenako, Novgorod anakhala kugonjera Kiev, ndi Mfumukazi Olga yekha waika kukula kwa msonkho dziko Novgorod. Mbiri kumuuza za kuchuluka kwa msonkho kuti anali kusonkhana yekha ndi mudzi olemera ndi wotukuka.

Kukula kwa Novgorod

Sikutheka kuti ndikuuzeni za Novgorod wakale, popanda kutchula wonena za mfundo zake achilendo ndi zoweta. Novgorod Land zonse kukula magawo atsopano - pa heyday wa chikoka cha ichi akutambasula mzinda kuchokera Ocean kozizira mpaka Torzhok. Part m'dziko anagwidwa chifukwa cha ntchito ya usilikali. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito yochotsa mafuko Chud tikukhala mu kumpoto kwa masiku ano Estonia, anabweretsa msonkho chuma chuma cha mzinda, ndipo m'mayiko makolo a Chud anaonekera Asilavo Yuryev, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Yaroslav Ngwanzeru zakuya.

Diploma zapita bukhu. Svyatoslav Olegovich, likutchula manda angapo laling'ono limene lili kumpoto, koma ngati amatchulidwa mu kalembera, ndiye, msonkho kwa kalonga anabwera kuchokera kumeneko. Kwa zaka zingapo, m'dera la dziko Novgorod ndi kukula mwamtendere - alimi Russian pofunafuna nthaka yachonde achititsa zambiri kulamulira mtendere wa mafuko osakhala Asilavo.

Kupititsa kugawikana kwa dziko

Chotero lalikulu anafunika kupereka, kotero iwo unagawidwa m'zigawo zisanu (asanu), amene anatsogolera Novgorod wakale. Asanu anakakhala motere:

• Obonezhskaya Pyatina - anawonjezera kuti kugombe la White Sea.
• Vodskaya Pyatina - wotanganidwa gawo la Republic yamakono ya Karelia.
• Shelonskoy Pyatina - dera kum'mwera cha kumadzulo Novgorod.
• Derevskoy Pyatina - anawonjezera kuti kum'mwera chakum'mawa.
• Bezhetskaya Pyatina - yekhayo amene malire si anakumana ndi malire mumzinda uno Pyatina inali pakati pa madera ndi Derevskoy Obonezhskaya asanu.

asanu Population makamaka zikugwira processing wa dziko, nyama, nsomba. oimira anakwanitsa asanu anatumiza kwa akuluakulu Novgorod. Akutali m'dziko anapita chaka msonkho okhometsa, amene anafika ngakhale ku malo okhala a mafuko Khanty Mansi ndi - kutali kumpoto chakumadzulo. Msonkho linaperekedwa makamaka tsitsi, amene ndiye bwinobwino anagulitsidwa kwa Europe. Chifukwa misonkho ubweya malonda ndi kugwira ntchito nthawi yochepa ya Novgorod wakale anakhala mmodzi wa olemera mizinda ya Kievan Lazaro.

kasamalidwe mzinda

Novgorod, mzinda wakale wa maiko Russian, unali wapadera kwa mawonekedwe akale a boma - lipabliki. M'zaka IX-XI m'mayiko Novgorod sanalinso osiyana ochokera m'mayiko ena a Kievan Lazaro. Koma m'zaka za m'ma XII, mawonekedwe yaikulu ya boma amakhala m'tauni Komiti. Amene analamulira mzinda wakale? Monga Novgorod wodzilamula?

Yankho ndi kuyang'ana mu udzatha cha chiyambi cha m'ma XII. Limatchula mu 1130 tipeza kuti muyezo wa Prince Mstislav mwana wake Vsevolod. Ndiko kulondola - m'mayiko a kalonga ndi ayenera kukhala. Koma kuwerenga ndi kulemba mu 1180 Izyaslav ku Novgorod amafuna mupewe dziko yapafupi obisika. Monga mmene taonera, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XII olamulira sanali pa ambuye zonse, ndipo anali kufunafuna chilolezo kwa akuluakulu a mzinda.

Zinthu zinasintha kugalukira Novgorod cha 1136. Nthawi imeneyi, opandukawo anamangidwa Prince Mstislav, pamodzi ndi banja lake komanso masabata asanu, anali mu ukapolo, kenako analola kusiya Novgorod wakale. Mwachidule za nthawi tikhoza kunena izi: Asilavo Komiti anatsitsimuka ndipo anakhala amphamvu malamulo. Panali woyamba osankhidwa ofesi - posadniki amene anachititsa mfundo palokha. Izi mawonekedwe a boma bwinobwino analipo mu Novgorod zikugwera zaka oposa mazana atatu. Only patapita inalowa wamagazi a Novgorod ku Moscow ukulu wa Novgorod mfulu kudzanso zinatha.

Posadniki ankalamulira mzinda?

Akukhulupirira kuti Novgorod wakale analamulira posadniki. Inde kapena ayi? Pa funso ili palibe yankho lolozeka. Yokhala posadniki akulamulira ntchito bwalo la akulu, lachiweruzo ndi kupasuka bwalo la mzinda. Mu manja awo anali nawo mafungulo ku nkhokwe ndi mzinda chuma. Iwo zonse ntchito ya Komiti nadzinenera zochita kutengedwa-.

Popeza Novgorod wakale analamulira posadniki? Inde kapena ayi? Tiyeni tifikire vuto kuchokera ku mbali yina. Mawonekedwe a kupanga zisankho m'masiku amenewo anali wosiyana kuti anatengera mu dziko ano. Zochita anatengedwa pa Komiti si ambiri kumodzi ndi mokomera anthu amene kufuula ndi loudest. Screamers ngati kuchenjerera posadniki ganyu m'madera awo ndi kulimbikitsa mu Komiti, kuti atenge zofunika malamulo. Tikhoza kunena kuti yokhala Novgorod kutsogozedwa ndi anthu onse. Koma zoona mphamvu anali m'manja mwa posadniks osankhidwa.

Akalonga a Novgorod

Akalonga a Novgorod analibe ufulu. Only mu nthawi ya nkhondo ndi dongosolo la Komiti amaitanira iwo analamula chitetezo cha mzindawo. akalonga ganyu ankaletsedwanso nazo m'dziko lawo ndi kumagwira kuthamanga kwa mzindawo. Iwo ali ndi mabanja ndi mabanja anakakhala Chimulu cha Dothi - kuwachitira akhala okonzeka Nyumbayi wapadera.

Koma akalonga ndi amene anathamanga ndi Novgorod wakale pa nkhondo. Komiti Special ankaona ofuna loyandikana akalonga ndi kusankha, wina wa iwo kupempha thandizo. Anasankha anakakhala Chimulu cha Dothi, anapereka m'manja mwa maulamuliro onse, anasonkhana pansi pa utsogoleri wake ndi asilikali a m'tawuni. Ndipo pambuyo pothetsa nkhondo chabe kutulutsa monga iwo amati mu mbiri yakale, anatchula njira yake. Pankhaniyi, akalonga onse a Novgorod anafuna mwambo okhwima Akumakambirananso ya mgwirizano:

• osati kulowerera mu moyo mkati mwa Novgorod;
• wokhutitsidwa ndi mndandanda wa msonkho wa;
• kutsogolera ntchito ya usilikali.

Anthu akalonga amene alibe kutsatira zinthu, panali chabe anachotsedwa katundu Novgorod. Kupatula mwina anali ulamuliro Aleksandra Nevskogo. A dzanja azilandira ndi mfundo okhwima molumikizana ndi ngozi ya mongoyembekezera anakambirana ndi mkulu wa Novgorod malamulo. Iye anali mmodzi amene analamulira wakale Novgorod kalonga ndi wolamulira. Koma pambuyo Nevsky anatenga mpandowachifumu, Novgorod sanakuuze kuti iye kapena banja Prince, kapena akuluakulu wake.

Novgorod asilikali

zaka zambiri Novgorod ufulu unkayenera kuti azitsogolera kwathunthu palokha mfundo yachilendo. Poyamba, cholinga chachikulu cha kuwonjezedwa asilikali anali kukuza malire a ku Republic Novgorod, patapita anali ndi funso lokhudza mmene kusunga malire alipo ndiponso kuteteza ulamuliro wa boma. Kuti akwanitse kugwira ntchito izi Novgorod anali kulandira nthumwi yachilendo kuti agwirizane mayanjano zandale komanso kuswa iwo ganyu asilikali ndi asilikali, ndipo kusonkhanitsa anthu wamba.

Novgorod anali maziko a asilikali ankhondo. Mpheroyi wamba, osema, olemekezeka ndiponso anthu wamba. Tinalibe ufulu kukhala atumiki asilikali ndi a atsogoleri achipembedzo. Osankhika mphamvu kumuwombera anaitanidwa Prince nalamulira ntchito asilikali yokha Prince anasankha njira Komiti.

Waukulu zoteteza zida za Novgorod anali chishango, unyolo makalata ndi lupanga. Ambiri mwa zitsanzo zida anapezeka zofukulidwa kenako, ndi zitsanzo zabwino, ndipo tsopano anali mu kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale ndi zithunzi za Novgorod wakale.

Mutu ntchito zosiyanasiyana zipewa zitsulo. Kuukira malupanga ntchito ndi mikondo ili m'manja kuti moyandikana ntchito flails ndi maces. Ranged mwakhama ntchito mauta ndi crossbows. Crossbows kuzilandira mu mlingo wa moto, koma nsonga waukulu mivi akhoza kubaya aliyense, ngakhale amphamvu zida mdani.

Chikhalidwe cha Novgorod wakale, kusankha mwambo

Lingaliro la Chikhristu Orthodox anakhala maziko a makhalidwe abwino, chikumbumtima ndi maganizo moyo wa anthu Novgorod. Akachisi a Novgorod wakale anasonkhanitsa anthu ambiri ndi kumutsogolera mabishopu. Udindo wa woyang'anira, komanso malo meya ku Novgorod anali voti. Chisankho ndondomeko mtsogoleri wauzimu komanso chinkhoswe mu Komiti.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ngakhale masiku oyambirira amenewo panali Ndondomeko kusankha kwa olamulira a dziko ndi wauzimu. Pamalo misonkhano veche analengeza mayina a ofuna atatu, iwo ntchito kuti zikopa ndi losindikizidwa Posadnik. Ndiye Novgorod anapita pansi makoma a kachisi St. Sophia, kumene ulemu kwa maere chifukwa cholowa munthu wakhungu kapena mwana. Njira anasankha yomweyo anafotokoza, ndi wosankhidwa bishopu analandira Zabwino.

M'zaka za m'ma XI, ndondomeko kusiyana pang'ono. Unali kuti wopambana si amene amapita ndi amene amakhala ndi kukhala wolamulira. Archpriest wa St. Sophia Cathedral anatenga zambiri, kuwerenga mayina, ndipo dzina la wopambana lidzawotchedwa analengeza kumapeto. Nthawi zambiri, akalonga mabishopu ndi mabishopu a matchalitchi Novgorod anakhala abbots mchitidwe pafupi ndi nthumwi za atsogoleri aboma.

Koma panali nthawi imene osankhidwa analibe ngakhale defrocked. Choncho, mu 1139 udindo mkulu wotanganidwa parishi Klyuchnik Aleksy anasankha chilungamo ndi kupembedza. Ulamuliro wa mabishopu anali mkulu kwambiri pakati pa anthu a Novgorod. Kangapo konse iwo kuletsa ndewu, Mirili kukangana, anatamanda nkhondo. Popanda dalitso la Yehova sanavomere kapena chuma, kapena asilikali mgwirizano ndi abwanamkubwa kuyendera akalonga Novgorod nthumwi za kumayiko ena.

Mamangidwe a Novgorod wakale

Luso Novgorod wakale lofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya chikhalidwe Russian. Mu theka lachiwiri la XII m'ma Novgorod mapulani ndi kumanga nyumba pa chitsanzo chawo, chepetsa mpanda wa nyumba achipembedzo omwe, frescoes pachiyambi. Poyamba mabishopu ndi mabishopu amene wapeza kutenga malo apamwamba mu ufumu wolowezana wa mpingo, sananyinyirike koma kwa aang'ono ndi mipingo ya Novgorod wakale. Mphamvu ya mpingo anatsindika ndalama wopatsa m'dziko lalikulu, zopereka munthu, mangawa ndi zilango dongosolo.

Mwatsoka, katswiri ochepa a zomangamanga matabwa anapulumuka masiku ano. Mipingo oyambirira a Novgorod kwakukulukulu motsanzira wotchuka Kiev Mkhristu malo opatulika, koma pa chiyambi cha zaka chikwi zatsopano mu contours a matchalitchi a Novgorod kumawonetsera wonena za. Mwachitsanzo, akale St. Sophia Cathedral Novgorod lalembedwa m'zinenero ku kachisi ofanana ku likulu la Kiev.

makoma ake korona lolemera, domes leaden, ndi kokha apamwamba a iwo, wachisanu, ndi tinkangoona golide. Poyamba, Novgorod mpingo wa St .. Sofia anali mtengo, komanso nyumba zonse kamangidwe ka nthawi imeneyo. Koma m'nyumba yakale, popeza anayimira pafupi zaka makumi asanu, kutenthedwa pansi pa moto waukulu.

Prince Vladimir, mwana wa Yaroslava Mudrogo, anaganiza kukhazikitsa latsopano mwala tchalitchi, ofanana ndi kachisi wotchuka wa Kiev. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kalonga kucemera anthu osema miyala ndi mapulani ku Kiev - sapezeka Novgorod omanga amene amadziŵa ntchito ndi mwala. Cathedral anali wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu okhala Novgorod ndi asanu - pa nthawi ya zikondwerero zazikulu za mpanda wake sikukanati kuzioneka chifukwa cha khamu lalikulu. Mpingo anali mzinda chuma, ndi makoma a nyumbayi amabisa zambiri caches chuma. Mwina ena a iwo sanali anapeza lero.

Mu theka lachiwiri la akachisi makasitomala XII zaka nyumba salinso limapezeka mpingo, ndi olemekezeka olemera ndi clerks. Zitsanzo zina zochititsa chidwi za zomangamanga Novgorod - Petro ndi Paulo Cathedral mu ofufuta zikopa, kachisi wa Chiwalitsiro pa Ilin, Mpingo wa St. Theodore pa Stratelates Creek - anamanga pa zopereka za Ankhondo. Boyars sanatero stint pa mkati mwa mpingo - mautumiki onse anagwira ntchito golide ndi siliva ziwiya. Makoma a akachisi anali chokongoletsedwa ndi murals yowala ndi amisiri m'dera ndi mafano a Novgorod, olembedwa pa nthawi, sinathe Timasangalalanso lero.

Modern zokopa Novgorod

Alendo adzatha kupeza nthawi yathu Mbiri yamakono ya Novgorod, zipilala ambiri muzinda uno. Mndandanda wa zokopa kuvomerezedwa - wotchuka Detinets mobwerezabwereza yopsereza kwa phulusa kachiwiri nakhalanso m'zaka za m'ma 13, kokha nthawi ili mu mawonekedwe a mwala. Mpingo wa St. Paraskeva ndi Volotovo mpingo kukopa alendo kwa frescoes modabwitsa ndi mafano, yowala mitundu izo sizigwira kudetsa ndi lero. Kwa anthu amene akufuna amatanganidwa m'nyengo ya Novgorod wakale pali ulendo wa zofukula m'mabwinja yomanga Utatu - izi ndi pamene mukhoza kuyenda mu misewu ya X atumwi, ndi kuwona wambiri umboni wa nthawi yakale.

zotsatira

Mpaka m'zaka XV Novgorod anatsogolera ndithu kudzidalira mwayekha kukhalapo, kumwa ndi zolepheretsa mfundo yake ndi maiko oyandikana nawo. chikoka Novgorod unafalikira malire boma la ukulu wa. Chuma cha nzika za bwino asapita malonda chidwi ndi mayiko onse oyandikana nawo. Novgorod Nthawi zambiri kuteteza ufulu wodzilamulira, kunyezimiritsa alimbane wa asilikali a Sweden, Livonians, Ankhondo German ndi anansi awo wofunitsitsa - Moscow ndi maukulu Suzdal.

Ndi chuma cha Grand Duchy la Lithuania Novgorod amakonda kusinthanitsa osati nkhondo, Gona malonda pakati pa maiko awiri ndi mbadwa yaitali. Mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti anali kuchokera kum'mwera m'dziko la Novgorod anabwera kwa dongosolo maphunziro, amene amalola aliyense kwaulere mwamuna wake kuwerenga ndi kulemba. Akatswiri kupeza ambiri Birch-makungwa mipukutu ndi banja kapena maphunziro malemba ndi m'mayiko Novgorod - maukulu mwina pambuyo kugwa Kievan Lazaro, si kofunika kwambiri mlingo wa lolemba la alendo yake.

Mwatsoka, wamphamvu ndi wolemera boma sindikanakhoza kupirira mayesero a nthawi. Lamulo aukali la kukakamizidwa analanda dziko madera Russian zinathandiza kwambiri. Novgorod sanathenso kukana kumangotsatira a magulu Ivana Groznogo, ndipo mu 1478 anali inalowa mu Grand Duchy wa Moscow. chikhalidwe olemera ndi mwambo pang'onopang'ono anagwera mu kuvunda, likulu la chikhalidwe ndi luso anasamukira ina easterly, ndi Novgorod unakhala ndi zigawo tawuni wamba.