Museum British: zithunzi ndi ndemanga. The British Museum ku London: zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho

Musati kuonedwa ngati tinena kuti mwina wotchuka kwambiri UK alendo kukopeka ndi British Museum ku London. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa chuma waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti analengedwa zokha (komanso zinthu zochititsa chidwi ena ambiri m'dziko). maziko ake atatu zopereka payekha.

The Museum British ili mu malo ya mahekitala 6 nyumba anali anaimika pa zaka zana. Iwo ali zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho zikhalidwe zonse kudziwika kwa dziko lero. The British Museum ku London - mmodzi mwa anthu ochepa mabungwe European mlingo umenewu, umene ndi chidwi osiyana, kawirikawiri zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho. Kapangidwe palokha ndi nkhokwe mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe chipilala.

wokalamba kwambiri (zaka 250) chikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi mbiri ya dziko imene sayansi zambiri. Mwina n'chifukwa chake osati woyang'anira ndi wojambula, wasayansi, zachilengedwe, ndi woyambitsa wa msonkhano wotchuka. Tikuyankhula zokhudza yachifumu dokotala Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753). Pa moyo wake anatha kusonkhanitsa ndi kusonkhanitsa yaikulu kwambiri ethnographic, zachilengedwe sayansi ndi luso zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho, woimira wapatali.

Museum British: zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho

The amadziwika cha nyumbayi ichi - zosiyanasiyana yaikulu zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho. M'mabwinja ndi ethnographic curiosities ali limodzi ndi zojambula, zinthu zachilengedwe-sayansi phiko mipukutu yakale, mabuku ndiponso ziboliboli.

Museum of History

British National Museum anayamba mbiri yake mu 1753. Zinali ndiye kuti zachilengedwe ku UK Hans Sloane anapatsa zosonkhanitsira wake wapadera wa fuko. Kutsegula kwa nyumbayi anali ovomerezeka ndi mchitidwe wapadera wa Nyumba ya Malamulo a Great Britain. Ndi 1759, pamene m'nyumbayi mwalamulo anayamba kugwira ntchito yake, gulu zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho kudzadza laibulale achifumu.

ziboliboli

N'zodziwikiratu ngale zosonkhanitsira, amene ali kunyadira British Museum. ziboliboli zimenezi zimatchedwa Parthenon nsangalabwi (kapena Elgin nsangalabwi). dzina analandira polemekeza kuwerengera, amene anawatulutsa pa nthawi ya Greece. Lero, m'nyumbayi monyadira zosonkhanitsira dziko lonse la chosema Asian. zakale Aigupto dipatimenti ali ndi chopereka, analipo makope za 66 chikwi, ndi wakale Greek deta imakhala angapo katswiri otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse: Demeter chosungunula ndi kugwira wa Pericles ndi ena.

Maina a Mlengi wawo sitikudziwa ngakhale wapadera ndi ukulu wa ntchito. Pali Baibulo kuti mafano ndi friezes wa Parthenon - ntchito ndi ziboliboli wotchuka ku Greece (Phidias), yemwe ankayang'anira pomanga Acropolis. Osati dziko lino anayesa kubweza Parthenon nsangalabwi. Nayenso England ali palibe mofulumira kunena tiwonana ndi chuma chamtengo wapatali. Kanyumba ali maganizo ake pa nkhani imeneyi: Agiriki wotchedwa katundu wa mtengo wapatali zakale kuba, antchito owonetsera zakale British amakhulupirira kuti chosema muyeso kupulumutsidwa ku chiwonongeko.

Mwinamwake, mbali ziwiri mu ufulu wawo. Earl wa Elgin anatenga achirendo kwambiri chilolezo cha boma kuti katundu wa zinthu zina kwa dziko. Ndi nthawi iwo atenga British Museum, Parthenon zaka zambiri, ndi bwinja ndi dilapidated.

Rosetta mwala

Mosakayikira, izi ndi imodzi mwa zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho wotchuka, amene m'manja mwa British Museum. Bokosilo kuti anapezeka m'zaka XVIII mochedwa. Iye analola Jean Champollion (French mbiri-Orientalist, zilankhulo) kumasulira hieroglyphics Iguputo. Lero, chidina ichi akupereka moni alendo Aigupto owonetsera zakale holo.

Malemu Katabet

Zitatu ndi theka zaka chikwi - m'badwo wa Malemu wansembe wa Amon-Ra, dzina lake Katabet. mtembo wake atakulungidwa mu nsalu. Munthu chimakwirira chigoba gilded, chimene chimafotokoza chithunzi cha wansembe wina. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti sarcophagus anali polenga amuna. Mbali ina ya Malemu ichi - Brain akazi, mosiyana ndi ziwalo zina zonse zinalengedwa kuchotsedwa.

Hoa Haka-Nana-Ia

Collection ya British Museum ali mwala wina. Izi chosema ku Polynesia, anabweretsa kuchokera Isitala Island. Njirayi imatchedwa Hoa Haka-Nana-Ia. Pa dzina ili Russian anamasuliridwa kuti "kubedwa (kapena chobisika) chilichonse." Poyamba Moai chifaniziro anali utoto mtundu woyera ndi wofiira, koma pa nthawi utoto zazimirira, imawazidwa ndi poyera basalt tuff. Izi cholimba zinthu zachilengedwe anamugwiritsa ntchito kupanga chosema monolithic.

The ndevu za Great masinfikisi

Chifukwa cha khama la Dzhovanni Batisty Caviglia, mbadwa ya Italy, British Museum ali mu deta yake mchitidwe Wamkulu masinfikisi ndevu. Wotchuka adventurer Caviglia anaganiza kukumba kukopa waukulu Giza. Henry Salt (British kazembe) kuyika akhama Italy chikhalidwe kuti zinthu zonse zopezeka, iye afunika kusamukira ku British Museum. Makombo otsala ndevu kuti Caviglia anachoka mu mchenga, tsopano kusungidwa mu Museum ku Iguputo Cairo.

Library ya British Museum

Anakhala maziko unakhazikitsidwa mu 1753 magulu akale achingelezi ndi mipukutu Latin zinapezedwa Sir Hans Sloane. Lingaliro la kulenga laibulale amapereka mwa George II. Iye anapereka kwa m'nyumbayi ndi laibulale Mfumu Edward IV. Wina 65 zikwi makope anaonekera chopereka mu 1823. Zinali mphatso kwa Mfumu George III. Mu 1850, nyumba owonetsera zakale ali chimodzi mwa zipinda wotchuka kuwerenga dziko linatsegulidwa - zinayenda Karl Marks, Lenin, ndi anthu ena otchuka.

mu laibulale m'ma 20

Chochitika chofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya British Library chinachitika mu zaka za m'ma XX. anayi zosonkhanitsira dziko mabuku akhala ophatikizidwa mu July 1973. Kenaka limodzi ndi malaibulale a Scotland ndi Wales. Mu 1973, System Library unakhazikitsidwa. Ndi othandiza lero - owerenga mukhoza kupeza buku aliyense yemwe ali mu UK.

Mu omwewo (XX) atumwi zopereka British Library anaonekera mipukutu Chibuda ndi mabuku oyambirira kusindikizidwa kwa Dunhuang. Mu 1933, British Museum anagula mu Russia kwa mapaundi zana chikwi Codex Sinaiticus - wapatali zakale Mkhristu mphamvu Soviet ankaona ngati zosafunika ndi anthu osakhulupirira Mulungu.

laibulale

Lero ndi zopereka dziko lonse mabuku mipukutu ndi mipukutu. Zosonkhanitsira tichipeza makope oposa zana limodzi zikwi makumi asanu. Popeza 1983, anaonekera mu Library National Sound Archives. Apa, sungani zolemba ndi nyimbo phokoso mipukutu ntchito nyimbo - kuchokera Handel kuti "The Beatles".

zithunzi

The British Museum ali chionetsero chachikulu kwambiri cha zinthu za luso. Koma ngati tikukamba za mbali Mkhalidwe, si otsika ku Louvre ku Paris, kapena St. Petersburg a Hermitage. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa katswiri otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse wa British Museum alibe wolingana. Pakati pa ojambula zithunzi wotchuka mu dziko, mwina n'zosatheka kupeza munthu amene zithunzi zikusowa pa msonkhano London.

Ndinakumana zomera

Komabe, m'mphepete mwa Albion, ine ndikufuna kuphunzira luso malo awa. Mbali imeneyi amapereka zonse British Museum. Zojambula za amisiri kwambiri ankaimira mitunda ndi zithunzi za Lawrence ndi Gainsborough, Hogarth a satirical zojambula. Zimaonetsa choyambirira British luso sukulu yosiyanasiyana ake. England Painting competes ndi zojambula wotchuka ndi amisiri Italy, Spain, Netherlands, zomwe ankagwiritsa ankaimira mu London National Gallery.

Apa mutha kuona "Virgin wa miyala" (Leonardo da Vinci). Yotsirizira njira zojambula kusungidwa pa Louvre. Museum alendo mungasangalale zojambula asanu ndi Botticelli. Ena mwa iwo ndi chamtengo wapatali cha mbuye - "Venus ndi Mars". Chionetsero ntchito bwino ankaimira Piero Della Francesca, Antonello Messina, Veronese, Tintoretto, Tiziano.

Ngati ndinu mwayi zokwanira kukaona British Museum, musaphonye mndandanda wa zojambula ndi Carlo Crivelli - Venetian, amene amakhala ndi kugwira ntchito kwa zaka za m'ma XV. Masiku ano, ntchito za mbuye wamkulu si wotchuka ngati mapeto a XIX atumwi, pamene wake "Madonna Rondino" analipira ndalama yaikulu ndalama - 2184 lbs. Kumvetsa bwino kufunika kwa ntchito imeneyi, tiona kuti yekha alipo chithunzi mu zomera za zojambulajambula kwambiri Della Francesca utapezeka nthawi yomweyo pa mapaundi 241.

Zosonkhanitsira zofunika kwambiri cha nyumbayi ndi Netherlands School. Amakhala ndi zojambula anayi Yana Van Eyck. Mu owonetsera zakale uliwonse mu dziko, palibe chuma chimenechi. Mtengo waukulu - ndi chimodzi mwa zazikulu za Matchalitchi wake - chithunzi cha Arnolfini. Pano mukhoza timudziwe bwino ntchito ya Memling, Kampen, Khristu Bosca, Van der Weyden, kumwa ndi nyenyezi zina Flemish kupenta. Komanso, mudzaona zojambula ndi Rubens, Brueghel, Rembrandt, galimoto Dyck.

Musapite kuzungulira kuti chidwi chawo pa ntchito ya Vermeer wa Delft - Dutch zojambula za m'ma XVI. The British Museum ali awiri a ntchito zake. Izo, ine, kwambiri. Kwambiri chachinsinsi aluso Dutch, Vermeer, anasiya ntchito ochepa amene ali dziko lonse mu nkhani yapadera. Ngakhale yekha sikisi zojambula wake Tingaone mu Holland kwawo.

Ndithu ambiri mu nyumbayi zimaonetsa ntchito za wotchuka Spanish - Murillo, El Agiriki, Ribera, Goya, Zurbaran. Zilandiridwenso kwambiri zojambula mu Spain Diego Velaskesa umaimiridwa ndi zojambula zisanu ndi zinayi, ndi pakati pawo pali mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri za ntchito zake - ". Venus kutsogolo kwa galasi"

German zosonkhanitsira tambirimbiri si kwambiri. Komabe, ntchito ya ambuye kwambiri monga Cranach, Altdorfer, Holbein, Durer, Poussin, Watteau, kupezeka mu nyumbayi.