Invertebrates

Nyama zonse zopanda mafupa nyama - nthumwi zambiri za zomera kuti mulibe nsana. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo mogwirizana (zokhala ndi selo imodzi), nyongolotsi m'munsi, thonje, arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, ndi ena. Okwana gulu la mitundu khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Kudulidwa kwa ufumu nyama inakhala ndi invertebrates Lamarck anazindikira 1801. Pakati inakhala kudziwika za mitundu makumi asanu zikwi. invertebrates lodziwika pano mu kuchuluka kwa mitundu miliyoni 1 260 zikwi. Pankhaniyi, losavuta - pafupi twente-faifi sauzande, thonje - zisanu, m'munsi mphutsi - pafupi twente, mollusks - oposa zana, arthropods - za mitundu makumi asanu ndi anayi zikwi.

Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mitundu ya tizilombo ali m'nkhaniyo. Iwo anali pafupifupi miliyoni. Pankhaniyi, tizilombo m'madzi Malamulo ambiri. Tikumbukenso kuti ena mwa iwo alipo mu madzi okha m'nthawi larval. Ngakhale ena mu moyo. Coelenterates nyama kuli mitundu pafupifupi isanu ndi zikwi. Tikumbukenso kuti mitundu alipo mu chikhalidwe kwambiri kuposa amadziwika. Komanso, zikwi zingapo anatsimikiza chaka ndi atsopano.

Invertebrates padziko nthaka, nyanja, nyanja, mitsinje, nyanja mchere. oimira ambiri ali ndi majeremusi. Pankhaniyi, iwo ndi parasitic pa ng'ombe, ndi pa zomera.

Udindo wa invertebrates mu chikhalidwe ndi lalikulu. zatsalira olimba a oimira, amene ankakhala mu oyambirira nthawi miyala, kukhala zinthu za miyala, ndi zina - a chochuluka. Mwachitsanzo, mafupa a nyama nyama zonse zopanda mafupa, zinatha, pafupifupi mwathunthu amapanga laimu.

Osiyanasiyana tanthauzo la gulu ndi munthu. Mwachitsanzo, invertebrates ambiri, komanso zinthu zawo zinyalala ntchito kuphika chakudya cha anthu (uchi, mwachitsanzo). oimira ambiri anali kudya malonda nsomba, nyama, mbalame. Ngale, zipolopolo za mollusks, phula , ndi nthumwi zina zambiri za gulu la nyama nyama zonse zopanda mafupa yodziwika ndi zinthu kungotaya mtengo kwambiri chuma ndi luso. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ulamuliro tizilombo. Invertebrates ndi zilombo zolusa komanso majeremusi, kuwawononga. njira zikugwirizanirana njira kwachilengedwenso ulamuliro tizilombo. Akatswiriwa kudziwa m'badwo wa nyanja miyala anafufuza mabwinja a invertebrates gasi.

Komabe, mu chilengedwe, pali zambiri zoipa za gulu limeneli. invertebrates ambiri ali ndi pathologies parasitic ndi matenda, tizirombo tirigu ndi mankhwala ake. Iwo angakhale oopsa ndi kuwononga mbewu, nkhalango etc.

A malo apadera gulu kutenga coelenterates. Pofotokoza pachikhalidwe akusonyeza pamaso pa zozungulira chosokonekera, ndi awiri zigawo nyongolosi (ectoderm ndi endoderm). Bwinobwino izi amaona kuti thupi nyama aumbike ku zigawo ziwiri zaminyewa: integument (khungu) ndi kumalumikiza wa lumen matumbo (gastrodermisa). Pakati pa zigawo ili connective gelatinous wosanjikiza (mesoglea). Mu dongosolo lake lili kolajeni ulusi ndi maselo amoeboid mu pang'ono.

Ife oimira coelenterates palibe apadera kupuma ziwalo ndi excretion. Nthawi zambiri anagwirizana ndi dongosolo ziwiri wosanjikiza nyumbayi, yomwe imapereka kukhudzana maselo ambiri epithelia ndi chilengedwe kunja.

Pakuti coelenterates yodziwika ndi mantha dongosolo underdeveloped. Kwambiri pogonana zimafalitsidwa ndi yodziwika ndi crawling kapena planktonic mphutsi.