Funso Geological: kodi mchere ndi osiyana ndi miyala

Nthawi zambiri mu mabuku otchuka sayansi pali mawu akuti "mchere" ndi "thanthwe". Anthu amene alibe maphunziro apadera, tilibe mfundo izi, pamene adazindikira mawu awa pafupifupi ofanana. Izi m'gulu cholakwika. Tiyeni tiwone chimene mchere ndi osiyana ndi miyala.

mchere

Pofuna kulongosola kusiyana mchere kuchokera thanthwe, ndi mapangidwe zachilengedwe, taganizirani chilichonse. Malinga ndi malamulo a bungwe la International mineralogical kucheza ndi mchere monga zolimba anapanga m'chikondi cha dziko lapansi kapena pamalo ake kukhala ndi mankhwala zikuchokera ndi dongosolo crystalline.

Koma si mchere onse ndendende kukumana tanthawuzo. Mwachitsanzo, pali zinthu kukhala ndi mipweya koma musati kupanga galasi latisi, otchedwa amorphous mchere (opal). Maatomu mu nyumba ngati ali pafupi kwambiri kwa wina ndi mzake ndipo musati kupanga analamula dongosolo. Choncho mgwirizano wa maatomu silamphamvu. Kapangidwe angayerekezedwe ndi galasi.

gulu la mchere

Asayansi okwana pafupifupi 2500 mchere, amene mitundu awo. Malinga ndi nyengo mankhwala kupanga gawo la mchere anawagawa m'magulu angapo:

• zinthu Native - mankhwala galasi latisi chomwe chimodzi chokha mchitidwe mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, sulfure, golide, pulatinamu. Chidwi mfundo: diamondi ndi graphite - mchere kuti ali yekha mpweya, koma ndi dongosolo losiyana krustalo. Pankhaniyi, daimondi - muyezo wa mphamvu ndi graphite M'malo mwake, zofewa kwambiri. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo 90 mchere.
• Sulfides - mchere amene makhiristo ndi lopangidwa ndi sulfure ndi zitsulo kapena nonmetals. Mwachitsanzo, galena, sphalerite. Chidwi mfundo: The galasi mchere ali ndi dzina lachiwiri "golide waopusa." Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti zikuoneka galasi mu mtundu ndi zachitsulo adzawala ngati chitsulo chabwinocho. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo 200 mchere.
• Sulfates - salt zachilengedwe asidi sulfuric. Mwachitsanzo, barite, jarosite, gypsum, anhydrite. Chidwi mfundo: barite - yekha mchere kuti akhoza n'chongoletsa X-ray. Choncho, zowonetsera mu chipinda X-ray zigwirizana mchere ndi makoma okutidwa ndi pulasitala barite. Gulu kumaphatikizapo m'ma 260 mchere.
• Halides - mchere popangidwa ndi mitundu zinthu zosiyanasiyana mankhwala ndi halogens. Mwachitsanzo, fluorite, sylvite, halite. Chidwi mfundo: Mfumu Nero ya Roma anali wofooka fluorite, kugula mankhwala opangidwa ndi izo ndalama zambiri. Gulu kumaphatikizapo 100 mchere.
• Phosphates - zachilengedwe mchere asidi phosphoric. Mwachitsanzo, vivianite, wofiirira, apatite. Chidwi mfundo: nofeki - kwambiri ankakonda mwala Aperisiya. Mtengo wa zinthu zina mu nthawi 3-4 kuposa mtengo wa golide. Mu gulu la za 350 mchere.
• Carbonates - zachilengedwe mchere asidi carbonic. Mwachitsanzo, calcite, dolomite, magnesite. Chidwi mfundo: mu Alps phiri unyolo zikuphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana, wotchedwa Dolomites, chifukwa cha thanthwe zikuphatikizapo dolomite. Mapiri pansi dzuwa akutembenuka pinki.
• Oxides - mchere, popangidwa ndi mankhwala zitsulo ndi oxides. Mwachitsanzo, Alexander, mwala, opal. Chidwi mfundo: Ametrine ndi chimodzi mwa rarest mu dziko. Maonekedwe ake ndi chithunzi cha mwala wamtengo wapatali ndi wapadera iriyonse latsopano ndi wosiyana kwa m'mbuyomu. mamembala a gulu 200 mchere.
• Silicates - gulu yaikulu ya mchere monga pakachitsulo, zotayidwa. Mwachitsanzo, topazi, plagioclase, Njoka. Choona chidwi n'chakuti asanayambe pamaso pa mbale galasi anaikapo mu mazenera a Mica.

Tsopano, kuti muone kusiyana ndipo kusiyana kwa miyala ndi mchere, ife kufotokoza mfundo woyamba amatchedwa.

miyala

Dziko lapansi kutumphuka mchere sapezeka nthawi lakutali. Monga ulamuliro, mchikakamizo cha zinthu zina, iwo zimagwirizana mawonekedwe miyala. Choncho, mchere ndi osiyana ndi thanthwe kuti ndi yofunika nyumba chipika. Koma si mchere onse nawo mapangidwe miyala. Choncho, asayansi kugawanitsa iwo mu thanthwe n'kupanga (makamaka silicates) ndi owonjezekera.

Gulu la miyala

Pakuti Kumvetsa zina zimene mchere ndi osiyana ndi miyala, ife kufotokoza mapangidwe otsiriza. Akatswiriwa kusiyanitsa magulu atatu a miyala pa njira ya anachokera:

• Chiphalaphala anapanga ndi effusion chiphalaphala padziko kapena chachikulu padziko (mapiri). Iwo mitundu zofunika, za zimene zimabweretsa makhalidwe osiyana zachilengedwe anapanga magulu mtundu awiri otsalawo. Mwachitsanzo, lubwe, basalt, gabbro.
• Metamorphic popangidwa ndi tectonic kayendedwe ka matanthwe a pansi padziko. Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'dambo ndi miyala magmatic anali kachiwiri mu Dziko Lapansi thicker ndi apo mchikakamizo cha kutentha ndi kuthamanga lidzasinthidwa Mitundu latsopano. Mwachitsanzo, gneiss, schist, nsangalabwi.
• The gawo la miyala nyanja chifukwa cha% 10 okha. Iwo anapanga chifukwa cha mphepo kanthu magmatites madzi oyenerera padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, eluvium, talus, alluvium.

Mapangidwe miyala ndi mchere - kwambiri zogwirizana. Kudziŵa mchere ndi osiyana ndi thanthwe, ndipo tikamanena kuti izi zigawo za kutumphuka dziko lapansi ndi zogwirizana.