Otukwana - ndi mbiri ... kutukwana

Pamoyo, tonsefe nthawi zambiri ndi kumva mawu ndi mawu, ntchito amene ali zosaloleka pamaso pa makhalidwe onse, ndi cholinga monga mwano wolandira, ndi kusonyeza mawunikidwe zoipa a anthu ndi zochitika. Izi otchedwa chosayenera mawu Russian, kapena, koposa chabe, mphasa ndi chimodzi mwa unsightly, koma mwatsoka, trudnoiskorenimyh mbali ya chinenero chathu "wamkulu ndi wamphamvu".

A mwambo yaitali loletsa kutukwana

Bwino kwa ife akatswiri a zinenero ubwana kutukwana amatchedwa nthabwala. Mawu akuti zichokela ku nthabwala English, kutanthauza "brassy", "nthabwala" kapena "zonyansa". The English mawu omwewo amachokera obscenus Latin, ndi tanthauzo lofanana.

Mogwirizana ndi ofufuza ambiri, taboo kuletsa ntchito akazi pamaso pa zosiyanasiyana mawu zokhudzana ndi dera kugonana, zachitika zambiri m'nyengo achikunja a Asilavo wakale - makolo a mtundu Russian, Ukrainians ndi Belarusians. Kenako, mkubwela kwa Christianity, lamulo pa kutukwana ambiri amapereka mwa Mpingo Orthodox, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti pali nthawi yaitali chikhalidwe mbiri ya taboos.

mtima Society ku ntchito mphasa

Mogwirizana ndi chidwi iyi zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi amachitika 2004, omwe cholinga chawo chinali maganizo a ku Russia ntchito kutukwana nyenyezi yausangalatsi. Ndi khalidwe limene ambiri amene anafunsidwa, pafupifupi 80% anafotokoza maganizo oipa kwa zodabwitsazi, kuti mu malankhulidwe awo otukwana - kumasonyeza nkhanza ndi makhalidwe oipa.

Ngakhale kuti mu chinenero, mawu awa ali ofala strata onse chitukuko, mu Russia kumeneko kwakhala taboo kugwiritsa ntchito iwo kulisindikiza. Mwatsoka, izo chayamba kuchepa kwambiri mu maphokoso perestroika nthawi, chifukwa cha kufooka kwa boma kulamulira deralo yosindikiza, komanso chifukwa chiwerengero cha mavuto, zomwe akhala chotsatira cha democratization a anthu. Komanso, zochotsa kuletsedwa kwa nkhani za mitu yambiri yomwe kale anakhudzidwa nyumba kufalitsa zinachititsa kuti patsogolo mawu. Chifukwa, machila ndi jargon osati yapamwamba, komanso njira za maubale.

Onyoza ndi manyazi mowakalipira

Koma dziŵani kuti mwa mphamvu achinyamata kutukwana ndi chizindikiro cha kukula, ndipo kutukwana - ndi mtundu wa chionetsero cha otsatira "zawo" ndi kunyalanyaza ya malamulo oletsa ambiri amavomereza. Kumene, kuwonjezera mawu awo mawu ofanana, achinyamata kugwiritsa ntchito iwo, kawirikawiri Mwaichi mipanda, makoma a zimbudzi ndi madesiki sukulu, ndipo m'zaka zaposachedwapa, ndi Internet.

Poona vuto la kutukwana anthu a, tisaiwale kuti, osati kwa udindo pa aliyense ntchito kutukwana ndi kulemba kapena kulankhula ngakhale ndi ufulu wa kulankhula, anakhazikitsa zisakuyenda bwino.

Komabe, sangathe kukana kutukwana munthu amene - kuchokera maphunziro ake ndi nzeru - ichi ndi chokhacho alipo mawonekedwe a kudzinenera zakukhosi. Komabe, tiyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti chinenero mu malo onse kukhumudwitsa anthu amene taboo pa mphasa - chifukwa cha zifukwa awo abwino kapena chipembedzo - salinso kwenikweni.

Zolinga zikuluzikulu za kutukwana

Mu chinenero chamakono, mphasa nthawi zambiri ntchito ngati mchitidwe mokwiya mawu, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kutemberera ndi mukunyoza kopita makamaka. Komanso, anthu otsika chikhalidwe ntchito milandu zotsatirazi: kupereka mawu awo ambiri maganizo, monga njira kuchotsa maganizo maganizo ndi kudzaza interjections ndi mawu Kuimaima.

History of kutukwana

Mosiyana ndi chifaniziro otchuka a anthu amene kulumbira mawu anali mu Chirasha ku Chitata pa Chitata Mongol goli, ofufuza kwambiri amatchula amanena amantha kwambiri. Malinga ndi ambiri a iwo, mawu mu gulu ili ndi Asilavo komanso m'mayiko a ku Ulaya mizu.

Mu nthawi achikunja mbiri ya Russia wakale anali ntchito monga mbali zopatulika za conspiracies. Pakuti kutukwana athu makolo - palibe kanthu koposa monga pamtima mphamvu zamatsenga, amene, mu maganizo awo, anali mu kumaliseche. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi ena mwa mabuku a m'zaka za analankhula wakale mfiti zachikunja.

Koma kuyambira kumayambiriro a Chikhristu, akuluakulu a tchalitchi zonse kulimbana zodabwitsazi wa kulankhula. Iwo lidakalipobe circulars ambiri ndi malamulo a utsogoleri wolowezana Orthodox ndi kuthetseratu mphasa. Pamene panali kusiyana okhwima pakati chinenero chimene chinkalankhulidwa ndi mabuku, chifukwa machila molimba kwathunthu udindo misonkhano "kutukwana" m'zaka za m'ma XVII.

Zotukwana mbiri yakale

Monga mmene olemera anali Russian Dictionary kutukwana kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XV-XVI, malinga ndi kafukufuku kudziwika zilankhulo V. D. Nazarova. Malinga kuwerengetsera wake, ngakhale mu deta chosakwanira kulembamo olembedwa a nthawi ili mawu sikisite-seveni, anachokera ku mizu ambiri otukwana. Ngakhale magwero akale - birch makungwa Novgorod ndi Staraya Russa - pafupipafupi mawu a mtundu umenewu mu miyambo ndi mawonekedwe ankasewera.

Mat mu maganizo a alendo

Mwa njira, dikishonare loyamba kutukwana anali wasenza pa chiyambi cha XVII m'ma England Richard James. Mmenemo mlendo Nditchimo anafotokoza m'dziko lake tanthauzo yeniyeni ena trudnoperevodimyh mawu English ndi mawu, limene ife tsopano kuitana nthabwala.

Pa lonse ntchito zawo monga umboni kuyenda wake anati German wasayansi Master wa Philosophy pa Leipzig University Adam Oleary, amene anapita ku Russia pa zaka za m'ma chomwecho. Limodzi omasulira wake German zambiri wagwidwa ndi vuto kuyesera kupeza tanthauzo la ntchito mfundo odziwika bwino pa nkhani yachilendo kwa iwo.

Zoletsa kutukwana

Chiletso kutukwana mu Russia anaonekera ndi mochedwa. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu mapepala a Petrine nyengo. Komabe, pofika cha m'ma XVII, izo natenga maonekedwe a chilamulo taboo. Characteristically, ndime wotchuka mu zaka wolemba ndakatulo Ivan Barkov, ntchito yaikulu ya otukwana, osati komanso tinkawasindikiza ndi kuwafalitsa yekha a m'mabuku. M'zaka za zana lotsatira kusabvala akuti m'gulu yekha mu gawo mwamwayi wa zilandiridwenso olemba ndakatulo ndi, kuti monga iwo epigrams wake ndi ndakatulo zoseketsa.

Kuyesa kuchotsa mphasa kwa taboo ndi

Zoyesayesa woyamba kulembetsa kutukwana anamuona pa makumi Mu zaka zapitazo. Iwo sanali ambiri. Chidwi mphasa sanali kudzidalira, koma olemba ena ankakhulupirira kuti kutukwana - izi ndi imodzi mwa njira kulankhula momasuka nkhani zogonana. Koma nthawi Union, ndiye lonse loletsa wake pa ntchito akuwalumbiritsa mosamalitsa mwaona kuti kucheza tsiku ndi tsiku, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mu nineties, ndi Kubwera kwa perestroika, kufufuza linathetsedwa, amene analola kutukwana momasuka kudutsa mu mabuku. Izo ntchito makamaka amapereka otchulidwa chinenero colloquial. Olemba ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mawu amenewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, palibe chifukwa kunyalanyaza nawo ntchito.

Kuyesa kuthetseratu zoipa

Lero, polimbana ndi kutukwana chilango zochepa ntchito zake m'malo a anthu Roskomnadzor zofotokoza inadmissibility wa ntchito atolankhani mu zinayi zikuluzikulu kulumbira mawu ndi ena ofanana onse a mawu amenewa. M'malamulo wogwila, kuphwanya chigamulo ichi wolakwa anatumiza uthenga wochenjeza anthu ndiponso vuto la kuyan'anila mobwerezabwereza Roskomnadzor mwina asinthe chiwembu ziphatso awo.

Komabe, ofalitsa ambiri payekha kunyalanyaza malamulo oletsa. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ngakhale mobwerezabwereza anatuluka kusindikiza ndi tinalisindikizanso Dictionary wa kutukwana kuti nkomwe amapereka chiyembekezo kwa kuthetsa ake zotheka. Njira yokha kuthana ndi kutukwana kungakhale nyamuka ambiri mu chikhalidwe Russian.