Birch makungwa - ndi yofunika Nkhani

Birch makungwa - mauthenga pawekha ndi zolemba zaka 10-16, lemba limene linayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ponena makungwa birch. Woyamba mabuku amenewa anapezeka ndi azambiriyakale Russian mu Novgorod mu 1951 pamene kukaona kwa mbiri ya zinthu zofukulidwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa AV Artsikhovsky. Kuyambira pamenepo, polemekeza anapeza chaka chilichonse chikondwerero holide Novgorod - Tsiku la birch khungwa. ulendo amene anabweretsa naini zambiri zida zotere, ndipo ndi 1970 ali 464 zidutswa anapezeka. Novgorod birchbark zikalata, akatswiri anapeza mu zigawo dothi, kumene zotsalira za zomera wakale ndi zinyalala anakhalabe.

Ambiri mwa makalata pa birch makungwa ndi makalata munthu. Anakhudza nkhani zosiyanasiyana zachuma ndi zoweta, opatsirana malangizo ndipo limafotokoza za kusagwirizanako. birch makungwa anaipezanso theka mwanthabwala ndi zili zosafunikira. Komanso, Arkhipovskaya toyesa anapezeka, lomwe munali zionetsero osauka yolimbana ambuye awo, vuto la tsoka lawo ndi mndandanda Manor zolakwa zazing'ono.

Lemba pa birch makungwa akuonetsa njira yosavuta wosazindikira - zikande kunja zitsulo wake lakuthwa kapena fupa pisalom (chikhomo). Pre mankhwala makungwa kuti kuchotsa makalata. lemba aikidwa pa makungwa birch mu mzere, nthawi zambiri popanda nagawira mu mawu. Polemba pafupifupi konse ntchito inki wosalimba. makungwa Birch zambiri mwachidule ndi wanzeru, kokha Chofunika kwambiri uli m'bukuli. chakuti munthuyo ndi wolemba amadziwa, sanatchulidwe izo.

Miyala ndi zinthu zakale anali mapepala ambiri posachedwapa ndiponso makalata olembedwa pa makungwa birch. Anapeza mabuku ngakhale lonse. sv Maksimov, Russian ethnographer ndi wolemba, ananena kuti anaona buku Mezen birch makungwa Old Okhulupirira.

Birch makungwa monga mfundo kulemba ndi kufala kwa mudziwe, anawonjezera m'zaka za m'ma 11, koma wataya kufunika kwake m'zaka 15. Izo zinali ndiye chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa anthu a Russia anapeza pepala, umene unali mtengo. Popeza khungwa ntchito ngati sekondale kujambula sing'anga. Kwenikweni ankaperekerako wamba timva munthu ndi makalata payekha ndi makalata lovomerezeka ndi mauthenga tanthauzo dziko analembedwa pa zikopa.

Pang'onopang'ono auwe natuluka kukhalapo. Mu kalata anapeza, omwe analembedwa kudandaula kuti boma la ofufuza anapeza analangizidwa kuti kulilembanso nkhani za birch makungwa pa zikopa n'kutumiza ku adiresi.

zilembo chibwenzi kumachitika makamaka stratigraphic njira - zochokera wosanjikiza imene katunduyo anali wapezeka. A nambala inayake makalata pa birch makungwa pachibwenzi kuyamika kutchulidwa mu zochitika zakale kapena anthu ofunika.

Birch makungwa ndi gwero lofunika pa mbiri ya chinenero chathu. Kuti n'zotheka kukhazikitsa dongosolo kapena mlingo wa chidziwitso cha chodabwitsa zinenero zosiyanasiyana, komanso nthawi ya maonekedwe ndi etymology la mawu pali mawu ambiri amene ali udzatha, ndi osadziwika ndi zina wakale. Kwenikweni, awa ndi mawu nkhani za m'banja Mudali pafupifupi palibe mpata kulowa ntchito za olemba a nthawi.