French ndakatulo Stéphane Mallarmé: yonena, zilandiridwenso, chithunzi

Stéphane Mallarme - wolemba ndakatulo cholimba komanso wolemba anachokera ku France, amene anakhalako 19. Iye ali mutu wa sukulu symbolist. Kodi mukudziwa aliyense amadziwika Stéphane Mallarme? Short yonena m'nkhani ino adzalola kuti mudziwe zambiri.

Chiyambi, nthawi yophunzira

Wolemba ndakatulo tsogolo anabadwa mu Paris pa March 18, 1842. bambo ake anali Numa Mallarme, amene ankagwira ntchito ku Ofesi Yoona za Katundu. Pamene Stephen anali ndi zaka 5, mayi ake anamwalira, ndipo kenako anatengedwa kupita ku maphunziro a makolo ake. Stéphane Mallarmé mwana tcheru. Iye anaphunzira woyamba pa achipembedzo chiphaso sukulu ili Auteuil (mu 1853), ndipo kenako, kuyambira 1853, anapezeka Saens sekondale. Maphunziro inawo kunapezeka kuti chopweteka ndakatulo iyi. Iye anakhala kwambiri tanthauzo la kusungulumwa kwake pambuyo 1857 imfa ya mlongo wake zaka 13 zakubadwa, Maria. Yoyamba digiri Mallarme analandira 1860. atate wake ankafuna kukhala mkulu Stefan, koma Mallarmé anasiya ntchito imeneyi. Ngakhale zili choncho, iye anamverera adzakhala ndakatulo.

mbali ziwiri za moyo wa Mallarme

Kwa miyezi ingapo mu 1862, Stefan anali mu London. Apa iye wangwiro Chingelezi. Tikaonanso France mu 1863, iye anakhala mphunzitsi wa English pa Lycée Tournon. moyo Stephen kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, monga anagawanika pawiri. Anakakamizika kuphunzitsa chifukwa cha ndalama yaing'ono, kusamalira banja - yoyamba Tournon, ndiye mu Besancon, mu Avignoni (mpaka 1871), Paris (1894) (1866-67 gg.). Mbali ina ya moyo wake unali ndakatulo.

Ntchito yoyamba, ankadziwa sukulu Parnassian

Pakuti nthawi ya 1862-64 gg. Youth ndi ndime yoyamba ya wolemba. Iwo akhoza kuwona chikoka cha Edgar Allan Poe ndi Charles Baudelaire. Mu 1864, Stéphane Mallarmé anakumana ndi Kautllom Mendes, Frederic Mistral, MV Adan de A Lille. Amadziwika kuti anachita chidwi ndakatulo Parnassian sukulu anayambitsa Theophile Gautier ndi kuyamba kulemba ntchito mzimu wake.

Posachedwapa, mu 1865, anafalitsa ndakatulo yake yakuti "Masana a Faun." Mallarme anapereka ntchito imeneyi pa bwalo T. de A Banville, amene anali mmodzi wa atsogoleri a sukulu Parnassian. ndakatulo imeneyi ndi chibadwidwe ndi woyengeka eclogite. chisangalalo achikunja a moyo paliponsepo ntchito lonse.

Parnasskii nthawi zilandiridwenso

May 12, 1866 unachitikira buku loyamba Mallarmé (10 ndakatulo lofalitsidwa mu "Parnassus Contemporary"). Zimenezi zinatanthauza kuti Parnassians anamuzindikira. Pomwepo adadza zaka za kufunafuna njira yatsopano ya mawu a umunthu wake ndakatulo (1868-73). Mallarme pa mapeto a 1860s analemba nkhani wosangalatsa, umene anautcha "Igitur, kapena Elbenona misala". Komabe, okha lofalitsidwa mu 1926. Komanso kugwira ntchito pa "Herodiya" sewero ndime. Ntchito imeneyi, mwatsoka, anamusiya yosatha. Chidutswa A inafalitsidwa mu 1871 mu kusindikiza kwachiwiri kwa buku lakuti "Modern Parnassus."

Mallarmé - aipa, ntchito watsopano

Kumayambiriro a 1870 Mallarme wosiyana parnassians ndi kulumikiza decadents. Mu 1872, iye analemba "maliro Tilandire" anadzipereka ku imfa ya T. Gautier. ntchito Ichi chinali kusintha kwa poetics latsopano Stefan. Ankadziwa Rimbaud amatanthauza 1872 ndi Manet - by 1873, ndi Emile Zola - kwa 1874. Stéphane Mallarmé anayamba mgwirizano ndi magazini yotchedwa "Luso ndi zolembalemba chitsitsimutso." Apa, mu 1874, Stephen lofalitsidwa Baibulo la ndakatulo Poe a "nkhungubwi". Mafanizo kwa unakwaniritsidwa Manet. Mallarme komanso anathandizana ndi "Magazine a dziko latsopano." Apa anafalitsa nkhani ndi essays. Wosindikiza A. Lemerra mu 1874 adakana kufalitsa ntchito Mallarmé a "Masana a Faun." Only mu 1876 linasindikizidwa. Mu chaka chomwecho, wolemba ndakatulo analemba sonnet lakuti "manda a Edgar Allan Poe." Ndiponso yotsatira, 1877, panali buku sukulu, woyambitsa omwe - Mallarmé. Iwo ankatchedwa "The English mawu". Phunziro pa nthano linasindikizidwa mu 1880 ( "Amulungu Ancient"). Ndi anatengera buku la Du Cox.

"Zolembalemba Lachiwiri" kutchuka

Malarme inayamba kulinganiza awo "zolembalemba Lachiwiri" mu 1880. Iwo anali mu nyumba yake, yomwe ili pa msewu Roma. The "zolembalemba Lachiwiri" nawo Saint-Paul Roux, Gyustav Kan, Pol Klodel, Anri De Regnier, Andre Zhid, Pol Valeri ndi Per Luis. French ndakatulo Stéphane Mallarmé anadziwika mabwalo zolembalemba. Izi limalimbikitsa ambiri P. Verlaine, lomwe lili pa nambala iye otchedwa "andakatulo wotembereredwa" (1884 Verlaine analemba nkhani lotchedwa). Zachititsa kuti kutchuka kwa Mallarme J.-C. Huysmans. Mu buku lake, lotchedwa "Ayi", olengedwa mwa 1884, wolemba anali kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane za ndakatulo oyambirira Stefan pakamwa des Essent, protagonist ake.

Mallarmé - mutu wa Symbolists

Pofika m'ma 80s kwa zaka za m'ma 19 Mallarmé ankaona mtsogoleri mwa alakatuli aipa, amene m'chaka cha 1886 anayamba kudzitchula "Symbolists". deta yake yakuti "ndakatulo Stefana Mallarme" inatuluka mu 1887, ndi lotsatira - Mabaibulo a ndakatulo analengedwa ndi Poe. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pamodzi ndi "mdima" symbolist ndakatulo, Stéphane kulenga yaing'ono-voliyumu ndi ndakatulo yosavuta pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Iwo zimaikidwa mu 1920 ( "pa nthawi ya ndakatulo").

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Mu 1894, ndife chidwi wolemba lofalitsidwa ndi mndandanda wa ndakatulo mu prose ndi ndakatulo. Kenako anasiya utumiki, kusankha kuti adzipereke moyo wake kwa ndakatulo. Mallarme kanalalikira kulenga wangwiro, buku konsekonse, imene wapadera ndi mabuku malongosoledwe a padziko padzakhala anapatsidwa. Atamwalira Verlaine kumene kunachitika mu 1896, Stephen anasankhidwa "Kalonga wa olemba ndakatulo". Buku la ndakatulo wake experimental lotchedwa "Mwayi konse kupasula choncho" amatanthauza 1897. The mawonekedwe mankhwala ndi umodzi wautali chiganizo, palibe zopumira. Linasindikizidwa masitepe, ndi wosasintha ntchito zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. ndakatuloyi anaikidwa pa ziwiri tsamba kufala. Kenako mu 1897, Mallarme lofalitsidwa nkhani ( "Music ndi Literature", "Mavuto a ndakatulo" ndi ena.). dzina lawo wamba - "zachabechabe". Mu ntchito iyi, wolemba anapereka lingaliro lake kuti mabuku akukumana sakuyendetsa kuti chofunika kubwezeretsa tanthauzo lake akale opatulika. Mallarme Stefan, yonena ndi amene ntchito amakhalabe zogwirizana, anamwalira pa September 9, chaka cha 1898 mu Paris. Mbali yaikulu ya malemba ake ndi makalata zinatuluka pambuyo pa imfa yake.

Kutanthauza chilengedwe ndi mbali Mallarm

Izo ziyenera kuti wolemba ndakatulo Stéphane Mallarme, amene zithunzi mudzapeza m'nkhani ino anaonekera mu mabuku French nthawi imene kunapezeka kufunika mitundu yatsopano ndakatulo ndi kutopa akale. Iye anatsogolera kayendedwe ka ophiphiritsa imene maganizo atsopano luso inkayenda chiphunzitso, zomwe anachita kusintha chinenero cha ndakatulo ndi chinabweretsa mabuku masiku ano France.

Mallarme ukasintha rethought funso za cholinga cha ndakatulo. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti asamaphunzitse kapena kufotokoza. Ziyenera kukhala chinachake superreality. Malinga Mallarmé, ndakatulo - ndi kulanda pyakubisika mwa chinenero anthu. Iwo adzakupatsani moyo wathu lodalirika. Wolemba ndakatulo ndi mkhalapakati pakati pa dziko la umunthu ndi zinsinsi za akaidi m'chilengedwe chonse. Iwo angachotse chophimbacho wamunthu umaphimba transcendental, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu, zizindikiro. Ndi chifukwa iwo anaganiza chenicheni zosiyanasiyana kotero ankafuna kupereka ife Stéphane Mallarmé. akusoŵa zikusonyeza kuti anapambana.