Chithunzi cha Gobsak. Chithunzi cha Gobsek m'nkhani ya dzina lomwelo dzina lake Honore de Balzac

Mu 1830, buku losafa la mlembi wa ku French Honore de Balzac "Gobsek" linalembedwa. Chovuta cha ntchitoyi chimachokera ku chimodzi mwa makhalidwe oipa - chidziwitso, chomwe pamapeto a moyo wa khalidwe lopambana wapita kunthabwala. M'kupita kwa nthawi, nkhaniyi inaperekedwa ndi wolemba ku ntchito yambiri yamabuku "The Human Comedy."

Mwachidule chithunzi cha wolemba

Wolemba wa ku France anabadwira ku Paris pa May 20, 1799. Malinga ndi biographical data, bambo ake anali mlimi, ndipo amayi ake anabadwira ndi achibwana. Choyambirira choyambirira "de" Honore chinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'chaka cha nkhani yake "Gobsek", yomwe mungamvetse mwachidule m'nkhani ino.

Atalandira digiri ya bachelor, Balzac anayamba utumiki wa zaka zitatu mu ofesi ya a notary. Mnyamatayo mwachidwi anakana pempho la abambo ake kuti atsegule. Chizoloŵezi chake ndi ntchito yake, adawona mabuku okha. Ndikoyenera kunena kuti panthawiyo ntchito za mnyamata wamng'onoyo sizinkaimira chidwi chochepa cha ofalitsa.

Atafika posaleza mtima, Honore anasamukira kumalo osauka a Parisian ndipo anayamba kugwira ntchito. Buku limene iye anayamba kulemba, pambuyo pa zaka zambiri lidzamupangitsa kukhala wotchuka pakati pa odziwa bwino mabuku, koma otsutsa a nthawi imeneyo mwamantha sanazindikire zolengedwa zake.

Bwererani kulemba

Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1829, Balzac adapitiriza kupanga zolemba zake zosakhoza kufa komanso malemba. Usiku, iye analemba, kutsimikizira mphamvu ya chikho chochuluka cha khofi yakuda, ndipo madzulo iye anapumula. Patsikuli, Honore sanalemberepo phokoso limodzi.

Boma la "asilikali" potsiriza linapindula, ndipo mabuku anapatsidwa chidwi. Buku la "khungu la Shagreen" linapangitsa wolemba kukhala mutu wa olemba bwino kwambiri a nthawi imeneyo. Kupambana kwakukulu kumeneku kunamulimbikitsira mlembi wamkulu, motero adapanga mbiri yabwino yotchedwa "The Human Comedy." Zinaphatikizapo buku loti "Gobsek", zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu otchulidwa m'Baibulo komanso zochita za anthu a m'nthawi ya Balzac.

Kufunika kwa Ukraine mu moyo wa wolemba

Kwa nthawi yoyamba Balzac anachezera dziko lino mu 1847. Apa adakwatirana ndi Evelina Ghana, choncho nthawi zambiri ankapita ku mayiko achiyukireniya. Zambiri zolemba zinalembedwa ndi iye za malo abwino awa, ndipo imodzi mwa iwo ndi "Letter la Kiev". Balzac ankakondwera nthaka yabwino yomwe tirigu amafesedwa chaka chilichonse, popanda kufesa kwathunthu nthaka.

Pokhala pa malo a Ghana, Honore anali ndi chidwi chenicheni pa moyo wa anthu osauka. Iye ankakonda kuyang'ana magulu a anthu omwe anabwera kuchokera kuntchito, akuimba nyimbo zozizwitsa panthawi yomweyo. Chotsatira chake, chikondi cha wolemba ku Ukraine sichinali kokha m'malembo a Paris, komanso mu buku la "Olima".

Kukonzekera kwa Balzac

Chilengedwe cha achinyamata a Honoré anagwa pamayambiriro a mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu: zolemba zokhudza mbiri ndi umunthu. Balzac sanatsatire mafashoni mu mabuku a ku Ulaya ndipo adapanga ntchito, kuyesa kusonyeza mwa iwo mtundu waumwini wa chikhalidwe chilichonse, monga, chitsanzo, chithunzi chodziwika bwino cha Gobsek.

Pakatikati mwa wolembayo, panali nthawizonse gulu lamakono lamakono ndi zofooka zake zonse. Kukhalapo kwa madera a nthawi imeneyo, mabungwe a anthu komanso maiko ena monga momwe angathere kumapezeka mu "Etudes about customs", lolembedwa ndi Balzac. "Gobsek" inaloŵetsanso mwatsatanetsatane ngati chiwonetsero cha kupweteka kwa umunthu ndi umbombo.

"Mankhwala a Anthu"

Ngakhale kuti ankatsutsa otsutsa, Balzac sanasiye kugwira ntchito. Patapita kanthawi, wolembayo akuganiza kuti agwirizane ndi ntchito zake mu epic yotchedwa "Human Comedy". Malinga ndi cholinga cha wolemba, bukhuli liyenera kukhala ndi nkhani zomwe zingatanthauzenso anthu amasiku ano, khalidwe liri lonse lomwe liripo, m'mawu - kupanga chithunzi chapadera cha nthawi yake.

Kuzunguliraku kuli ndi magawo atatu, kwambiri ndi "Maphunziro a makhalidwe". Iye anajambula chithunzithunzi cha France, momwe ankakhala ndi Balzac. "Gobsek" ndi imodzi mwazinthu zamakono zomwe zalowa mu "Etude".

Chidule

Malembo onse a Balzac akukoka kwambiri - iwo amakumbukira komanso amamveka. Ichi ndi chimodzimodzi chimene chikhalidwe chachikulu cha bukhu la "Gobsek" chiri. Nkhani yaying'ono imaperekedwa m'munsimu, koma chidulechi chimapereka gawo lochepa chabe la tanthauzo limene wolembayo adafuna kuti amuuze.

Nkhaniyi imayamba mu salon ya Viscountess de Grandlieu, yemwe anachezeredwa ndi Count Ernest de Rest ndi Derville. Woyamba wa iwo atachoka, mwiniwake wa nyumba anayamba kufotokozera mwana wake Camilla kuti sizingatheke kuti asonyeze ubwino wabwino kuwerengera, chifukwa palibe banja la Parisiya limene lingakonde kuti likhale lofanana nawo. Ernest sanali bwenzi loyenera kwa mwana wake wamkazi, popeza anali insolvent.

Dervil amasankha kuloŵerera kuti afotokoze chowonadi chenicheni cha zinthu. Anayamba nkhaniyo kutali, akunena kuti anakumana ndi Gobsek akadali wophunzira ndipo anamutcha fano la golidi lazizira.

Mwanjira ina, wogulitsa ntchitoyo ananena nkhani yokhudzana ndi ngongole kuchokera kwa wowerengeka. Poopa kutsegula, adamupatsa diamondi, yomwe wokondedwa wake adalandira ndalama kwa ndalama. Gobsek anali kulondola, akunena kuti vutoli likanamuwononga banja lake lonse.

Pambuyo pake, Deryvil adayandikira ndi Wolemba Maxim de Tray wokongola kwambiri ndi pempho lodziwana naye. Gobsek nayenso anakana kupereka ngongoleyo ku graph, popeza kuti wobwerekayo anali ndi ngongole panthaŵiyo. Koma mkazi yemweyo ndi miyala yotsala ya banja amabwera kwa wobwereketsa ndalama ndipo mopanda kukayikira akugwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zonse. Onsewa Countess anachita chifukwa cha blackmail de Tray, yomwe inali yobweretsera ndalama kwa iye, mwinamwake iye akuti adzadzipha.

Pa tsiku lomwelo, mwamuna wa mkazi amene tam'tchula uja akuthamangira ku Gobsek ndi kufunikira kubwezeretsa diamondi. Koma m'malo mwake amamupatsa ndalama zonse zomwe ali nazo, kuti amuteteze kwa mkazi wake wosakhulupirika ndi wokondedwa wake. Pomaliza, Derville akufotokoza kuti chochitika ichi chinachitika ndi abambo a Ernest de Resto.

Patapita kanthawi, makutu akudwala kwambiri. Mkazi wake pa nthawiyi amaphwanya chiyanjano chonse ndi Maxim ndikusamalira mwamuna wake. Tsiku lina atamwalira, kufunafuna chifuniro, mkaziyo adakonza zochitika mu ofesi ya wakufayo. Koma zowawa zake zonse zinali kuwotcha mapepala, pomwe malo omwe munthu wakufa adawamasulira ku Gobsek ali nawo. Dervil anapempha wogula ntchitoyo kubwezeretsa chirichonse ku banja la Resto, koma anali wolimba.

Kumapeto kwa nkhaniyi, atadziwa kuti Camille ndi Ernest amakondana, Dervil anapita ku Gobsec ndipo adawapeza atafa. Chakumapeto kwa moyo wake, avarice anam'khudza kwambiri. Nyumbayi inasefukira ndi zakudya zambiri zowonongeka, chifukwa sanagulitse chilichonse, poopa kubodza. Chithunzi cha Gobsek ndichiwonetsero cha mphamvu zodabwitsa zowonongeka mothandizidwa ndi zomwe munthu mwamsanga amapanga njira ya golide ndi mphamvu.

Nkhaniyo ikutha ndi mfundo yakuti loya Dervil akudziwitsa za Granlie za kubweranso kwa katundu kutayika ku Count of Resto. Mkazi wabwino adaganiza kuti Camille akhoza kukhala mkazi wa Ernest.

Zizindikiro za khalidwe lalikulu

Chithunzi cha Gobsek chiri mkati mwatsutsana. Makhalidwe apamwamba ndi umunthu wamphamvu, komanso kwa filosofi ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo. Kuphatikizidwa ndi makhalidwe amenewa ndi umbombo, kusaganizira ndi nkhanza. Zowonjezera, ndi chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zilipo kuti wogulitsa ntchitoyo amazoloŵera kukwaniritsa zolinga zake.

Ndiponso, mbiri ya Gobsak ndi zithunzi zake zikuwonekera momveka bwino m'malemba a wolemba za iye. Balzac akulongosola protagonist ngati Bill-munthu. Kuzindikira za dziko lodziteteza kumene akukhalamo, kunamuthandiza kuti apite. Ndipo ndalama zimenezi ndi golidi sikofunika kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo wamtengo wapatali, koma kuti akhale wotetezeka. Kujambula kwa Gobsak kumaphatikizidwa ndi kulankhula kwake kochepa, gawo lophweka la mawu pokambirana ndi makasitomala. Maonekedwe ake onse amanyansidwa ndi olemera.

Ntchito zina

Ali mnyamata, Honore anayesera kuti asamamvere mawu osalungama a otsutsa, kupitiriza ntchito yake. Ntchito zoyambirira zinali:

- Buku la "Shuany";

- "Chikopa cha Shagreen";

- "Gobsek";

"Nyumba ya kathi ikusewera mpira."

Balzac ankafuna kusonyeza mtundu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Pakatikati pa ntchito yake sizinali zongoganizira zaukhondo, koma moyo ndi zochita za chikhalidwe cha anthu achikulire. Chithunzi chodabwitsa cha Hobsak kuchokera m'nkhani ya dzina lomwelo chinasonyeza owerenga kuti moyo umakhala wotani, ngati munthu ayenera kupha zabwino zonse mwa iye mwini ndi kuchotsedwa mosadziwika.