Mabuku a Omar Khayyam, zilembo, ma aphorisms wochuluka ndi mawu ofotokozera

Buku la Omar Khayyam ndiloti lero ndilo buku labwino kwambiri m'mabuku. Mavesi ake ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mmaganizo osiyanasiyana. Pambuyo payekha Omar Khayyam, rubai (quatrains, anafalitsidwa kwambiri ku Middle East), omwe amawerengedwa ndi akatswiri ambiri kuti akhale abwino, anasiya ophunzira ambiri.

Zithunzi

Omar Khayyam Nishapuri ndi katswiri wa masamu, filosofi, nyenyezi ndi wolemba ndakatulo wochokera ku Persia. Mabuku a Omar Khayyam amadziwika padziko lonse lapansi, koma m'mbiri yake sakudziwika ngati wolemba. Iye anasiya zovuta kwambiri mu algebra. Cholinga chake pa masamu chikhoza kutengedwa chifukwa chakuti adalenga njira yatsopano yothetsera masanjidwe a cubic. Kuti achite izi, anagwiritsa ntchito zigawo za tapered.

Zoonadi, mabuku a Omar Khayyam pa tanthauzo la moyo, komanso chikondi, amadziwika bwino. Anakhala wotchuka ku Iran ndi Afghanistan chifukwa cha kalendala yomwe idakhazikitsidwa. Otsatira a Khayyam anakhala asayansi otchuka amene anali ophunzira ake.

Ubwana

Omar Khayyam adawoneka, amene mphekesera yake inawerengedwa ndi aliyense, pa May 18, 1048. Malo obadwira ndi mzinda wa Nishapur, womwe uli m'chigawo chimodzi cha Iran. Mabuku a Omar Khayyam anali osangalatsa kuyambira ali mwana, ndipo popeza anali mwana yekhayo m'banja, bambo ake anayesa kumupatsa maphunziro abwino kwambiri. Papa Khayyama ankagwira ntchito monga hema. Komanso m'banja munali mwana wamkazi yemwe ankatchedwa Aisha.

Ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, mnyamatayu anayamba chidwi kwambiri ndi filosofi, masamu ndi zakuthambo. Ngakhale adakali wamng'ono, adadziŵa kwathunthu Korani.

Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi ziwiri adayamba kuphunzira pa madrasah (sukulu ya Muslim). Olemba ndakatulo yokhudza chikondi Omar Khayyam sanayambe kulemba. Anaphunzira mwakhama kwambiri ndipo anamaliza maphunziro ake pa malamulo a Chisilamu, komanso mankhwala, motero adzalandira chiyeneretso cha dokotala.

Achinyamata

Ngakhale kuti adakhala dokotala, Khayyam adaganiza zopitiliza maphunziro. Anayamba kuphunzira ntchito ya masamu ambiri odziwika bwino.

Zaka zoyambirira za filosofesa, yemwe pambuyo pake analemba zolemba zamatsenga kwambiri ndi mawu a quotes, anagwa panthawi ya Seljuk kugonjetsa ku Central Asia. Panthawi imeneyi, asayansi ambiri anafa. Khayyam analemba za iwo m'mawu oyamba a mabuku ake pamene anayamba kupanga rubayat.

Omar Khayyam ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi anamwalira atate ndi amayi ake, omwe adafa pa mliliwu. Atagulitsa nyumbayo, komanso msonkhano, wolemba ndakatulo anapita ku Samarkand. Panthawi imeneyo, mzinda uwu unali wotchuka kwambiri mu sayansi kummawa konse. Apa adapitiriza maphunziro ake ku sukulu ina ya Muslim. Komabe, pochita maulendo angapo, Omar anakopeka, ndipo adaganiza zokhazikitsa aphunzitsi.

Kusuntha kwa Khayyam

Komabe, ku Samarkand, Omar Khayyam, amene adalemba maulendo awo ochenjera kwambiri ndi mawu ogwidwa, anachedwa kwa zaka zinayi zokha. Tiyenera kunena kuti panthawiyo ambiri asayansi anali atasamukira kwamuyaya. Chotsatira china chinali mzinda wa Bukhara, kumene Khayyam anayamba kugwira ntchito yosungira mabuku. Pano anakhala zaka khumi ndipo adatha kupanga maphunziro anayi a masamu, komanso ndakatulo zina zokhudza chikondi.

Omar Khayyam mu 1074 adalandira mwayi wopita kumzinda wa Isfahan. Anayitanidwa ndi Melik-Shah I. Apa iye anakhala mtsogoleri wamkulu wauzimu wa Sultan. Kuonjezerapo, iye anasankhidwa kukhala mkulu wa malo owonetserako zinthu, omwe anali amodzi aakulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Pa nthawi imeneyo adayamba kuphunzira nyenyezi powonjezera masamu ndipo posakhalitsa anakhala wotchuka mokwanira. Pogwira ntchito ndi gulu la asayansi ena, Khayyam anayamba kalendala ya dzuwa yomwe inakhala yolondola kwambiri kuposa kalendala ya Gregory. Pambuyo pake anapanga matebulo a zakuthambo, omwe anali ndi kabukhu kakang'ono ka nyenyezi.

Mu 1092, Sultan anamwalira, yemwe anali mdindo wa Khayyam. Posakhalitsa Omar adatsutsidwa ndi freethinking, ndipo adachoka ku Isfahan. Komabe, iye anapitiriza kulemba ndakatulo ndi rubayat.

Omar Khayyam: Moyo pambuyo pa Isfahan

Pafupi nthawi yotsiriza ya moyo Omar Khayyam amadziŵa pang'ono, komanso za ubwana wake ndi unyamata wake. Malingana ndi malipoti ena, iye anakhala nthawi yaitali ku Merv.

Pa zaka izi iye anapitiriza kulemba ndakatulo za chikondi ndi tanthauzo la moyo. Komabe, nthawi imeneyo kwa ambiri, sanangokhala katswiri wa masamu ndi nyenyezi, komanso ampatuko. Filosofi ndi zolengedwa za Omar Khayyam zinakwiyitsa kwambiri chiwerengero cha Islam, ndipo chiyanjano chake ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo chinasokonekera kwambiri.

Chifukwa cha kusagwirizana, wasayansi anafunika kupanga maulendo aatali ku Makka. Pa nthawi imeneyo anali kale zaka zambiri. Komanso, panthawi imeneyo kusintha kwa malo opatulika kunatha kwa mwezi woposa. M'zaka zimenezo anakhala ku Baghdad kwa kanthawi.

Malinga ndi al-Bayhaki, yemwe anali pafupi ndi ndakatulo za Kummawa, m'zaka zake zapitazo Khayyam adakwiya kwambiri, osakondwera ndi ntchito za okondedwa ake.

Bwererani ku Nishapur

Panthawi ina, Omar Khayyam adaganiza zobwerera ku Nishapur. Apa iye anali mpaka masiku otsiriza a moyo wake. Nthawi zambiri ankasiya. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Omar Khayyam anali pafupi zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri. Malingana ndi malipoti ena, iye ankagwira ntchito monga mlangizi ku sukulu ya kumudzi ndipo anali ndi bwalo laling'ono lokhala ndi ophunzira. Nthaŵi zambiri ankakumana ndi akatswiri a sayansi ndi asayansi, komanso amakangana. Malingana ndi akatswiri ambiri, Khayyam sanafune kuyamba banja. Ndipo kawirikawiri, iye sakonda moyo wa banja, iye sanasiye ana aliwonse. Atatha moyo wake anasiya "Garden of Love" ndi ntchito zina zambiri.

Zaka zotsiriza za moyo

Omar Khayyam anamwalira pa 4, 1131. Nthawi yake yomaliza ya moyo imadziwika ndi mawu a mmodzi wa anthu a m'nthaŵi yake. Malingana ndi Beihaka, Khayyam adamva imfa mofulumira pamene akuwerenga limodzi mwa mabukuwa. Pa nthawiyo anali ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu. Anatsitsa bukuli ndikuitana achibale ake ndi ophunzira ake ndipo anayamba kulemba chifuniro. Pambuyo pake, sanadye chakudya kapena madzi. Zaka zochepa iye asanamwalire, Omar Khayyam adatha kuwerenga pemphero.

Zochitika za sayansi

Omar Khayyam ambiri amadziwika kuti "Love Potion: The Best Persian Lyrics". Komabe, kuwonjezera pa mabuku, iye anali wobala kwambiri mu ntchito ya sayansi.

Masamu

Omar Khayyam ali ndi ntchito zambiri zogwirizana ndi masamu. Mwachitsanzo, "Kuchitira umboni pa zochitika za algebra ndi albalara" kumapereka chiyeneretso ndi yankho la equation. Zigawo zoyamba zikuyimira njira zothetsera ziwerengero za quadratic, zomwe zinawoneka ngakhale kale. Komabe, Omar Khayyam sanaganizire kuti kugawana kwa cubic kungakhale ndi mizu itatu yabwino. Komabe, sakanatha kupita ku mapangidwe a Cardano, koma Khayyam ankakhulupirira kuti m'tsogolomu mungapeze yankho.

Poyambirira kwa ntchitoyi, wasayansi anapereka tanthauzo la algebra. Lingaliro ili ndi limodzi mwa zoyamba m'mbiri ndipo limapereka lingaliro la sayansi iyi.

"Ndemanga pa zovuta poyambitsa buku la Euclid" - imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri za Omar Khayyam. Anamaliza kulembera mu 1077. Ntchitoyi ili ndi mabuku atatu. Yoyamba inali yoperekedwa kwachindunji, ndipo yachiwiri ndi yachitatu - chiphunzitso cha maubwenzi ndi kuchuluka kwake. M'buku loyambirira adayambitsa V postulate ya Euclid, koma adalowetsamo ndi zofanana.

Ntchito zonse zolembedwa ndi Omar Khayyam, zathandiza kwambiri masamu. Mankhwala ambiri athandiza otsatila kupeza malamulo atsopano ndi kuwongolera.

Astronomy

Pa moyo wake ku Isfahan, Khayyam analamulira gulu lonse la asayansi. M'masiku amenewo, mzinda uwu unali ngati malo otsogolera pa chitukuko cha sayansi. Melik Shah adapatsa ndalama zambiri kuti apeze zosowa za sayansi. Nthawi imeneyo m'mbiri ya boma la Seljuk ikhoza kutchedwa yabwino kwambiri.

Kwa zaka zisanu zafukufuku, Omar Khayyam adatha kulemba kalendala yatsopano, yomwe inali yeniyeni. Anakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo mu 1079. Cholinga chachikulu cha kalendalayi chinali kugwirizanitsa tsiku la chiyambi cha chaka kufikira nthawi ya equinox. Anayamba kuvala dzina lakuti "Jalali" polemekeza Sultan. Kutalika kwa mwezi mu kalendala iyi kungakhale kuchokera pa makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu mpaka makumi awiri ndi awiri. Chirichonse chimadalira pa kulowa kwa dzuwa kukhala chizindikiro china cha zinyama. Chinaperekedwanso kuti asinthe mayina a miyezi ndi masiku, koma zowonetsera sizinayambe mizu, ndipo mayinawo ndi ofanana ndi chizindikiro cha zodiac.

Pa nthawi ya moyo wa Omar Khayyam, kalendala ya Julian inagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Ulaya . Kuchokera mmalingaliro a nyenyezi, iye anali wochepa kwambiri. Kalendala yomwe idapangidwa ndi Omar Khayyam inali yolondola kuposa kalendala ya Gregory yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Ulaya mtsogolo. Icho chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi chaka cha masika ofanana.

Ntchito ya Omar Khayyam inakhala maziko a kalendala yatsopano ya Iran, yomwe idayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira 1079. M'chaka chomwechi adalemba kabukhu komwe kanali ndi mndandanda wa nyenyezi zana.

Rubai

Pa nthawi yake ya moyo Omar Khayyam ankadziwika kuti ndi wasayansi wamkulu. Komabe, nthawi zonse analemba mndandanda, momwe adalongosolera malingaliro ake kwa munthu, chikondi, chidziwitso, ndi zina zotero. Amuna a ndakatulo zam'mawunja anamasulira ma-aphorisms ndi malemba awo m'zinenero zambiri. Komabe, nthawi zambiri olemba ndakatulo amati ntchito zawo ndi Omar Khayyam. Ndipo chiwerengero cha ntchito zomwe zinawoneka pansi pa dzina la Khayyam, chikukula. M'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, chiwerengero cha ntchito zotchulidwa ndi wophunzira wa ku Persia chinadutsa zikwi zisanu.

Zikatulo zambiri zinalembedwa dzina la Khayyam kuti zisawonongeke chifukwa cha freethinking. Zotsatira zake, zimakhala zovuta kumvetsetsa zomwe quatrain analemba, Omar Khayyam. Akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti, mwina, katswiri wa ku Perisiya sanalembere ndakatulo. Ofufuza ena amati Omar Khayyam analemba kuchokera mazana atatu mpaka asanu rubai.

Kwa nthawi yaitali, iwo anaiwala za iye. Pambuyo pa 1800 zolembedwa za Omar Khayyam zinadza kwa wolemba ndakatulo wochokera ku Great Britain, amene adasintha. Pasanapite nthawi yaitali, anthu ambiri owerenga ankachita chidwi kwambiri ndi mabomba. Chifukwa cha mavesi, ntchito zonse za sayansi ya ku Persia zinakopetsanso chidwi.

Aphorisms, malemba ndi ndakatulo

Pambuyo pazaka zambiri za ntchito, Omar Khayyam adzalandira chidwi chachikulu pakati pa owerenga. N'zovuta kufotokoza mavesi ena enieni.

Kuonetsa, mwinamwake, mungathe kutchula ma Omar Khayyam data:

• Chora chimodzi cha nzeru zanga:
  "Moyo ndi waufupi, - choncho umupatse chifuniro!"
  Ndi wanzeru kudula mitengo,
  Koma kudzipatulira ndizopusa kwambiri! "
• Chotani chiri, kumbuyo kwa nsalu yotchinga ya Mdima
  Mwachidziwitso, maganizo adayamba kulowerera.
  Pamene chotchinga chikugwa ndi kuwonongeka,
  Tidzawona chilichonse, monga momwe tinasokera.