Air chitetezo kuipitsa ku Russia ndi ku dziko

Air chitetezo kuipitsa mu tsiku lathu ndi limodzi mwa zinthu za anthu. Ndipotu, ngati wopanda madzi munthu kupulumuka kwa masiku angapo osadya - masabata angapo, inu simungakhoze kuchita, ndi mphindi zochepa popanda mpweya. Pambuyo kupuma - ndi ntchito.

Timakhala pansi pa wachisanu, mpweya, mayiko nyanja, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa m'mlengalenga. Ngati icho sichinali, moyo padziko lapansi udzakhala wopanda chikanachitika.

mpweya Kaonekedwe

The zikuchokera mpweya ndi zonse kuchokera nthawi ya maonekedwe a anthu. Tikudziwa kuti 78% ya mlengalenga - ndi asafe, 21% mpweya nkhani. The zili argon mu mpweya ndi mpweya pamodzi ndi 1%. Ndipo mipweya ena onse pamodzi ndi amatipatsa ngati munthu wamba wa 0,0004%.

Kuti N'chimodzimodzinso mpweya ena? Pali zambiri: methane, wa hydrogen, carbon monoxide oxides sulfure, helium, sulfide hydrogen ndi ena. Ngakhale manambala awo mu mlengalenga sasintha, ziri bwino. Koma ndi kuwonjezeka mu ndende ya aliyense wa iwo amapezeka mpweya. Ndipo mpweya awa ali kwenikweni chiphe miyoyo yathu.

Ngati anthu akufuna kusunga thanzi lawo, chitetezo cha mpweya kuipitsa n'kofunika kwambiri.

Zotsatira za kusintha zikuchokera mpweya

Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndi oopsa chifukwa chakuti anthu kumeneko zosiyanasiyana thupi lawo siligwirizana. Malingana ndi madokotala, ziwengo nthawi zambiri amayamba chifukwa chakuti chitetezo anthu sangathe kuzindikira mankhwala kupanga analenga osati mwa chilengedwe koma ndi munthu. Choncho, chitetezo cha mpweya wabwino kungathandize kwambiri kupewa matenda awo sagwirizana anthu.

Chaka chilichonse pali yaikulu zinthu zatsopano mankhwala. Iwo kusintha zikuchokera mlengalenga m'mizinda ikuluikulu, kumene chifukwa cha anthu ambiri anthu odwala matenda kupuma. N'zosadabwitsa kuti pa malo mafakitale pafupifupi nthawi zonse atapachikidwa mtambo poizoni wa chifunga.

Ngakhale yokutidwa ndi ayezi ndi Kodi sikudzakhala Antarctica Sichinatsitsidwe anakhalabe kucheza ndi ndondomeko kuipitsa. Ndipo n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa mpweya - a m'manja ambiri zigawo zonse za Earth. A kayendedwe ka mpweya sitingaleke kapena malire pakati limati kapena m'mapiri kapena nyanja.

magwero a kuipitsa

Matenthedwe mphamvu zomera, zitsulo ndi zomera mankhwala ndi waukulu kuwononga mpweya. Popelani ku makampani mipope amenewa imafalira pa mtunda wautali ndi mphepo, zikubweretsa kufala kwa zoipitsa pa makumi makilomita kuchokera ku gwero.

Pakuti m'mizinda ikuluikulu yodziwika ndi chotipinga, imene zikwi kusakhala ndi chochita magalimoto ndi injini kuthamanga. Utsi mpweya muli mpweya monoxide, oxides asafe, kuyaka chosakwanira cha mafuta ndi particulate kanthu. Aliyense wa iwo mu njira yake ndi oopsa thanzi.

Mpweya monoxide zina ndi kotunga mpweya thupi, amachititsa aggravation matenda mtima ndi mtima. The particles olimba kudutsa mu mapapo ndipo waikamo mwa iwo, kukhala chifukwa cha chifuwa cha mphumu, matenda awo sagwirizana. Chimasanduka ndi asafe monoxide ndi gwero la zikutha m'mayiko wosanjikiza Mpweya umene ndi chifukwa photochemical chifunga m'mizinda.

Ndikanathera lalikulu ndi loopsa

Woyamba aakulu chizindikiro kuti amafuna chitetezo kwa mpweya, wakhala "chifunga lalikulu" mu 1952 ku London. Chifukwa, stagnation mzinda wa chifunga ndi sulfure woipa anapanga pa kuyaka wa malasha fireplaces, zomera matenthedwe mphamvu ndi zomera kukatentha, likulu la United Ufumu masiku atatu kutsamwa chifukwa chosowa mpweya.

Chifunga akuvutika anali pafupi 4 zikwi anthu, ndi wina 100 zikwi anali exacerbation la matenda a dongosolo la kupuma ndipo mtima. Ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi anayamba kulankhula za zimene zimafunika kuti chitetezo mpweya mu mzinda.

Zotsatira zake zinali kukhazikitsidwa mu 1956 a chilamulo "Zoyera Air" loletsa malasha m'ng'anjo. Popeza m'mayiko ambiri, mpweya chitetezo ku kuipitsidwa ndi enshrined m'chilamulo.

lamulo Russian chitetezo mpweya

Mu Russia, waukulu malamulo kuchita m'munda chilamulo Federal "Pa Air Protection".

Iwo anapereka mfundo mpweya khalidwe (ukhondo ndi ukhondo) ndi miyezo umuna. Lamulo liyenela boma kulembetsa zinthu kuipitsa ndi oopsa ndi kufunika chilolezo chapadera mpweya awo. Kupanga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta zimatheka pamene mafuta mu chitsimikizo mumlengalenga chitetezo.

Ngati mlingo wa chiopsezo munthu ndi chikhalidwe si anaika, amasulidwe zinthu zina mu mlengalenga ndikoletsedwa. ntchito za mabungwe a zachuma amene alibe machitidwe kukonza mpweya utsi machitidwe kulamulira. Magalimoto owonjezera ndende zinthu woopsawo mu mpweya sangayambe ntchito.

pa Air Chitetezo Act limatsimikiziranso ntchito za anthu ndi mabizinesi. Pakuti umuna zinthu zoipa mu mlengalenga owonjezera malamulo alipo, ali mwalamulo ndi ndalama. Pankhaniyi, kupereka ndalama si sichingapatule ku wawo kukhazikitsa dongosolo zinyalala mpweya kuyeretsedwa.

Kwambiri "zonyansa" mzinda Russia

Zochitika pa chitetezo mpweya ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa midzi amene Russia aposa mndandanda wa mizinda ndi zikhalidwe aakulu zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo pa mpweya. Iwo Azov, Achinsk, Barnaul, Beloyarsk, Blagoveshchensk, Bratsk, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Dzerzhinsk, Ekaterinburg, Zima, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kurgan, Kyzyl, Lesosibirsk, Magnitogorsk, Minusinsk, Moscow, Naberezhnye Chelny, Neryungri, Nizhnekamsk, Nizhniy Tagil, Novokuznetsk , Novocherkassk, Norilsk, Rostov pa-Don, Selenginsk, Solikamsk, Stavropol, Sterlitamak, Tver, Ussuriysk, Chernogorsk Chita, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.

Mudzi kuchokera mpweya

Air Alonda mumzinda ayenera kuyamba ndi kuwonongedwa kwa chotipinga, makamaka pa maola udzu. Choncho iwo akumanga interchanges kupewa ataima pa maloboti, anayambitsa njira ya magalimoto m'misewu analemba ndi ena. Pofuna kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha magalimoto anamanga kulambalala njira zakale midzi. M'mizinda ikuluikulu yambiri, pali masiku mtendere pamene kuzigawo chapakati saloledwa kuyenda yekha ndi mabasi ndi magalimoto ndi galimoto payekha bwino anachoka mu garaja lapansi.

M'mayiko European monga Holland, Denmark, Lithuania, maganizo abwino a m'deralo ndikukhulupirira njinga zamtengatenga m'tawuni. Ndi ndalama, amafuna palibe mafuta, si zodetsa mpweya. Ndipo iye si mantha chotipinga. Ndi kupindula maphunziro kupalasa njinga lili kuphatikiza zina.

Koma khalidwe mpweya m'mizinda kumadalira osati kokha pa zoyendera. mabizinezi Industrial zili ndi makina mpweya kuyeretsedwa mowirikiza kukhala kuipitsa polojekiti. Smokestacks akuyesera kuti apamwamba utsi ankakhala moyo wotayirira osati mu mzinda, ndi kuti adatengedwa kupitirira. Izi sikumaŵathetsa vuto lonse, koma kuchepetsa ndende zinthu woopsawo mu mlengalenga. Ndi cholinga chomwecho, izo ndikoletsedwa yomanga latsopano makampani "zonyansa" m'mizinda ikuluikulu.

Izi tinganene kuti palliative. Ndipo izi muyeso - ndi kukhazikitsa luso sanali zinyalala, limene palibe malo m'badwo wa zinyalala.

ulamuliro pamoto

Anthu ambiri amakumbukira m'chilimwe cha 2010, pamene mizinda ambiri apakati Russia anali mu ukapolo chifunga ikuyaka peat. Anthu ena midzi anasamuka, osati chifukwa cha kuopsa moto, koma chifukwa cha amphamvu utsi gawo. Choncho, mitsuko mpweya chitetezo pazikhalanso kupewa ndi kulamulira nkhalango ndi peat moto, zonse achibadwa mumlengalenga zoipitsa.

mgwirizano wamayiko

mpweya kutetezedwa kuipitsa - izo si Russia kapena dziko lina liri limodzi. Ndithudi, monga tanenera kale, kayendedwe mpweya alibe kuzindikira malire boma. Choncho, kungoti yofunika kwa mgwirizano padziko lonse.

Mgwilizanitsi zikuluzikulu za ntchito a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana pa mfundo zachilengedwe ndi United Nations. Msonkhano General UN amasonyeza malangizo waukulu mfundo zachilengedwe, mfundo za mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko mu chikhalidwe. Zikupereka msonkhano wa mayiko pa nkhani pachimake chilengedwe, zimapangitsa ayamikira ndi chitetezo cha chibadwa, kuphatikizapo njira kutetezela mpweya. Amathandiza chitukuko cha mgwirizano wa mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi kuti nditeteze chilengedwe.

Kuti United Nations anayambitsa zinasaina pangano Multilaterial chitetezo mpweya, ozoni chitetezo ndi zikalata zina zambiri pa chilengedwe umoyo wa dziko. Pakuti tsopano, aliyense amadziwa - Dziko Lapansi ndi munthu aliyense, ndi mkhalidwe uli mmodzi.