Zitsulo chovuta mu dziko - kuti ife kudziwa za izo?

Pofuna kudziwa ndi zitsulo chovuta mu dziko, muyenera kuganizira khama zikuluzikulu ziwiri zomwe mutu - ndicho, osmium ndi iridium. Awiri a wandiweyani kwambiri za nthawi mchitidwe tebulo ali mmenemo, motero, malo akwanira 76 77. kachulukidwe wa zitsulo awa ndi maziko a katundu wawo magalamu 22,6 pa centimeter kiyubiki.

Pofuna kumvetsa ndi waukulu kwambiri zitsulo, angayerekezedwe ndi wamba Nkhata Bay pakamwapo zopangidwa pomweo aliyense kuti mutu wa "The zitsulo chovuta mu dziko." Kotero kuti muyezo moyenera, tifunika pang'ono kuposa chotipinga wamba, pamene iwo adzayenera kukwaniritsa chimodzi chokha zopangidwa osmium kapena iridium.

zitsulo onse anali anatulukira pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX. anatulukira ndiye wasayansi S. Tennant, yomwe inachitika m'chaka cha 1804 mpweya kusanthula akamagwira processing pulatinamu yokha "Aqua regia" (wina gawo asidi nitric ndi zigawo zitatu acid amathiridwa). Mu matope aphunzira ndi Iye anafotokoza zinthu ziwiri mankhwala amene anatumidwa ku osmium dzina ndi iridium. Iridium walandira dzina la liwu lachigiriki la utawaleza. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mchere wa amafotokozera za kusintha mtundu malingana zinthu.

Kunatuluka anapitiriza ndi Russian sayansi Karl Klaus, amene, kuyambira 1841, walandira ndalama pochita kafukufuku wa zatsalira mbadwa pulatinamu processing kuti akakhale mbali zina za zitsulo wapatali kwambiri. cholinga anali konse akwaniritsa, koma m'kupita kwa ntchito ya asayansi anaganiza phunziro bwino zinthu yotsalira.

Chifukwa chake ndi kovuta kudziwa zimene ndi heavy wa zinthu ziwirizi ndiye kuti kusiyana kachulukidwe imodzi zana tidziwe a. Vutoli likukula chomwechi chifukwa chakuti zinthu mbadwa kulibeko.

Tingafinye kwambiri yokha heavy amene ali pawiri la ruthenium, osmium, pulatinamu, palladium ndi iridium yokha. Amafotokozera chifukwa ndi powdery mankhwala, sipangakhalenso linapanga pa kutentha kwambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iridium ndi otchedwa "pulatinamu zitsulo" kuti imalongosola ena katundu, kuphatikizapo chitetezo chokwanira chathunthu zosakaniza asidi zace. Mwachitsanzo, mogwirizana ndi "Aqua regia" sichichititsa zotsatira iliyonse. Iridium amasungunula yekha zosakaniza zina za soda, mwachitsanzo, disulfate potaziyamu.

Pakuti ntchito ndi heavy? Crucibles anapanga therefrom, amene ali abwino kwa ntchito mu m'galasi, komanso wapadera wa kufa, amene ntchito yokonza galasi refractory. Izo zikhoza kupezeka mkulu-mapeto zolembera kasupe ndi zolembera ballpoint mu ndodo. Komanso, chifukwa mtengo wotsika, iridium zitsulo ntchito makampani magalimoto, kumene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mapulagi. Tikumbukenso kuti makandulo mankhwalawa ndi okwera mtengo koma kupangidwa ndi wolungama, popeza chifukwa ndi cholimba kwambiri ndi odalirika zigawo zikuluzikulu.

Masiku ano mtengo zitsulo yakula 35 madola US pa gram wa iridium.