Ergot - ndi chiyani ichi?

Chakupha bowa lili ergot alkaloids oopsa, ndi vuto la ulimi ndi pa nthawi yomweyo chongopeka nakulitsa zolinga mankhwala. kufalitsa mofulumira pa mbewu mu Ages Middle zinachititsa kuti zikamera miliri chifukwa cha ingestion wa zakhudzana ufa mkate.

zinthu zambiri m'chilengedwe ndi njira yodabwitsa, ndi kuti akhoza kupha, nthawi yomweyo akhoza kuchiritsa.

ergot ndi chiyani?

Ergot - ndi mtundu wa bowa ndi banja limodzi. Onsewo ndi parasitic pa dzinthu, kuphatikizapo rye ndi tirigu. Mungapeze mabuku a dzina ya bowa - nyanga uterine. Dzina la "ergot" amachokera ku Russian mawu Old kutanthauza "wochuluka, owonjezera." Chotero mtengo paradoxical, malinga ndi zilankhulo O. Trubacheva, mu masiku amenewo anasenza khalidwe euphemistic.

Sclerotia ndi oblong-elongated, triangular zochepa olimba mapangidwe mawonekedwe n'njokhota ndi ming'alu kotenga ndi makwinya. Pamwamba pa wakuda ndi lofiirira, nthawi zina ndi woyera pachimake kuti mosavuta achotsa pa mtundu vuto kapena woyera ndi kum'chitira chikasu. Sclerotia kutalika zimatengera mtundu wa zakudya zachimanga, amene akufotokozera ergot (onani chithunzi pamwambapa). Mwachitsanzo, rye - ndi 1-3 masentimita ndi awiri a 6 mm.

Ergot mu Ages Middle

Chiphe nyama ndi anthu ergot alkaloids ali dzina lakelake - ergotism. Chodabwitsa, ndi njira, mwasayansi kutsimikiziridwa ndi Zapakati, amene adatenga khalidwe misa. Pa nthawi imeneyo, undemanding kwa nthaka ndi tizilombo zosagwira rye wakula kulikonse, ndipo mkate chakudya. The mbewu zakhudzana ndi inasanduka ufa kuti akhale pa tebulo. Ergotism anachititsa mliri yaikulu, ndipo panali ena Order wapadera wa Antonito amene kuchitira anthu kachilombo.

Professor Sheyn Rodzhers ya University of Clarkson pamodzi ndi ophunzira ake maphunziro ambirimbiri ofufuza vuto la mizukwa ndipo anazindikira kuti m'makomo ambiri, kumene kunali phokoso lachilendo kapena masomphenya, kuyanga mitundu ina yoopsa nkhungu kuti atha kubweretsa kusintha pa anthu a. chiphunzitso Zimenezi zikusonyeza kungolota za chikoka cha zochitika ergot ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo zokhudza mfiti, Nkhondo za Mtanda. Mu chithunzi pamwambapa - kupenta ndi Flemish zojambulajambula, zosonyeza zotsatira za ergotism mliri.

Ergot - bowa parasitic kuti alkaloids, amene, malinga ndi malipoti ena, si poizoni kokha, komanso kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo, khunyu, kuyabwa. Mbiri ya zizindikiro amadziwika ngati "mfiti omangana" ndi "chilonda. ' Alkalodidy silinawonongedwe ngakhale pambuyo kutentha mankhwala (adzaphika mkate). Khalidwe odwala ndi zachipembedzo monyanyira kumabweretsa mavuto aakulu.

Vuto la chitukuko cha bowa ndi

Fungal mycelium ali ndi kum'chitira utoto, mapangidwe ake akupezeka masika, iwo ali mawonekedwe a miyendo ndi mitu, amene ali pamwamba pa botolo woboola pakati matupi fruiting (perithecia), kuoneka bwino mu chithunzi m'munsimu. Chakumapeto utuluke ndondomeko zogonana, zimene ndi maphatikizidwe gametangliev, umene ndi zygote. Nthawi yomweyo akulowa Chigawo (meiosis) mkati thumba (apemphe) kupangidwa kwa mycelium wa bowa ndi.

Ndiye m'chilimwe mbewu ergot (spores) ndi mphepo kapena tizilombo kufalitsa makilomita ambiri padziko. Kamodzi pistil zomera monga chimanga maluwa, iwo zimere ndipo m'kupita mbewu si anapanga, ndi mycelium mafangasi. Amatulutsa madzimadzi wapadera kuti amakopeka tizilombo (chivwende). Mwa njira imeneyi, pali kufala zina mwa spores bowa. Pambuyo n'kuwasanganiza ndi zatha, mu malo ake, otchedwa sclerotia - nyanga anapanga zinaphatikizidwa hyphae wa bowa ndi. Pamene udzu ndi kucha, izo ikagwa ndi overwinter mu nthaka, ndi ndondomeko akubwerezedwa kachiwiri mu kasupe.

Bowa mu ulimi

Special kulima ergot n'kofunika kuyerekeza ndi kuwonongeka kwa minda ake ulimi. Malinga ndi mfundo lonse, zili spores mafangasi mu tirigu poizoni sayenera upambana 0,05%. Komabe, m'mayiko anaika lamulo la pakalibe mtheradi wa spores mu zipangizo, makamaka Egypt. Ergot ndi anagawira mofulumira ndi muyezo winawake ndi zopezeka m'minda. Malinga ndi akatswiri, kubweretsa wokhutira mu mbewu komaliza kwa ziro n'kovuta kwambiri, koma ndi theoretically zotheka.

The ergot ambiri tirigu, rye ndi balere. The muyeso waukulu pofuna kuthana ndi bowa - mokwanira yoyeretsa ya cones kwa onse mbewu ndi kugwa (yophukira) tillage pambuyo yokolola. Sclerotia anafa yolima. Ngati muyeso asachite, yovomereza kusankha chifukwa chodzala mitundu ndi nthawi yochepa ndipo munthawi yomweyo maluwa ndi kusunga malamulo a kasinthasintha mbewu.

Mfundo zimathandiza kuti kufala kwa namsongole ergot busa ndi ndizo zinthu zofunika minda, mpweya wochuluka molumikizana ndi mphepo monga chimanga maluwa nyengo yozizira ndi mitambo, imbaenda anatambasula za nthawi maluwa.

Wofalitsa ndi kulima

Tikumbukenso kuti ergot - bowa, kufalitsa kumene tirigu mbewu monga chimanga. The yabwino kwambiri nyengo Chinthu kuti ndi mkulu chinyezi (70%).

Monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, zolinga mankhwala bowa, ergot ndicho wofiirira, wakula mwapadera. Kuti tichite zimenezi, pali minda ya mankhwala makamaka mu Novosibirsk ndi Kirov m'chigawo cha Russia, Belarus. Makutu a rye mwapadera katemela ndi spores wa bowa ndi pamanja kapena makina jekeseni. Zokolola nthawi yomweyo matani 4 pa mahekitala.

Collection a zipangizo ikuchitika mu nthawi ya kucha, pamene malipenga utoto mu mtundu purplish-bulauni, asamaumire mosavuta anapambulwa pa khutu. Nkhani anasonkhana anauma mu masitolo bwino mpweya wokwanira pa asiyane. kwa chakudya yomalizidwa Amafuna chinyezi osapitirira 11% ndi kukhalapo zosafunika mu kuchuluka kwa zosakwana 1.5-2%.

ergot alkaloids

Mu mankhwala ntchito nyanga (sclerotia) wa ergot. Ali awiriawiri sikisi alkaloids stereoisomeric. Aliyense levorotatory yogwira limafanana ndi osachepera ofooka dextrorotatory isomer. Makamaka, ndi ergotaminin ergotamine, ergocristine ndi ergokristinin, ndi ergozin ergozimin, ergocryptine ndi ergokriptinin etc. The chigawo chachikulu cha alkaloids ndi levorotatory -. Lysergic acid. The zikuchokera ndi ochititsa alkaloids yozungulira kwachilengedwenso mtundu bowa kunja zinthu ndi chomera khamu.

Kupeza LSD

Swiss sayansi Albertom Hofmanom (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) mu 1938, wa zotumphukira asidi lysergic ali ergot, chinapezeka mwa mankhwala kukonzekera - wotchuka LSD. zaka 5 Pambuyo pake, munthu yemweyu anapeza katundu hallucinogenic pawiri lapansi. Panopa LSD m'mayiko ambiri yoletsedwa panganoli UN, komanso ndondomeko ya kafukufuku. Kupatulapo ndi Switzerland kuyambira 2008 analola kuchititsa mankhwala ndi m'gawo lake odwala kudwala, kuphatikizapo pamisinkhu yovuta khansa.

The ntchito mankhwala

Pa ntchito alkaloids mankhwala amadziwika kwa nthawi yaitali. Ergot - bowa mwachangu ntchito mchitidwe obstetric. Bukuli lili ndi mankhwala a kuyambitsa yaitali uterine contractions amphamvu ndi kuchepetsa kutaya mwazi uterine. Zimenezi zimachitika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa alkaloids physiologically yogwira levorotatory, makamaka ergometrine. Ndi zochepa poizoni kuposa ena, nthawi ya kanthu si mkulu, koma zotsatira ndi mofulumira.

Hydrogenated ergot alkaloids adzatenga katundu sedative. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ndi ofunika pa matenda a matenda oopsa, migraine, matenda Basedow ndi, matenda a m'maganizo.

Ergot poyizoni amapezeka osati mwa anthu, komanso amapezeka mu nyama. Popeza mbewu chakudya ndi chofunika kuti aziona ukhondo chakudya tirigu kwa nkhuku ndi ziweto. The chizindikiro chachikulu cha poyizoni ndi necrosis wa mchira, makutu ndipo ziwalo.

Pano pali iye, ergot. chikhalidwe ndi ukoma wa kupereka amadza padziko lonse lapansi pa dziko otizungulira. Kaya yaing'ono bowa adzachititsa miliri kapena adzakhala mankhwala chothandiza, zimadalira njira yolondola ndi umunthu.