NEP - latsopano zachuma malamulo a dziko. The zifukwa oyamba ndi chofunikira kwa NEP

Zapakati pa 1917 ndi 1921 - nthawi yovuta kwambiri chifukwa Russia. Kuukira ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni akhala akumenya mwamphamvu ndi chuma bwino. Pambuyo pa mapeto a zochitika Alamu dziko anafunika kusintha, monga zaluso asilikali anali pogwira yamtendere.

Chiyambi m'mbiri analengeza

NEP, kapena latsopano mfundo zachuma anali kufunika kwa nthawi. Crisis "nkhondo chikominisi" anavomera pa Civil nkhondo, siyoyenera kuti chitukuko cha dziko mu nthawi ya mtendere. Requisitioning anali wolemera kwa anthu wamba, ndi nationalization amakampani ndi centralization wathunthu wa kasamalidwe saloledwa kukhala. The oyamba a NEP - kuyankha kwa kusakhutira ambiri ndi "nkhondo chikominisi."

Zimene zikuchitika ku dziko asanaikidwe oyamba a NEP

Pakutha kwa nkhondo yapachiweniweni, dziko wawonongedwa m'njira iliyonse. Anaumba Russian Ufumu anasowa Poland, Latvia, Estonia, mbali ya Ukraine ndi Belarus, Finland. malo anakhudzidwa migodi - ndi Donbas, zigawo mafuta, Siberia. Yafupika mafakitale, ndi ku ulimi pakhala mbali ya mavuto aakulu. Komanso, ubweya anakwiya wamba anakana pobwezera mkate, zinthu inafalikira. Kupanduka chinapululutsa Donschinu, Ukraine, Kuban, Siberia. Yoweyula wosakhutira asilikali zapita. Mu 1920, funso anaukitsidwa za chiyembekezo chakuti zochuluka kwambiri. Awa anali zoyesayesa koyamba kuti atchule NEP. The zifukwa: mavuto boma la chuma, chiwonongeko cha makampani ndi gawo ulimi akatunduwo zochuluka, amene anagwa pa mapewa a anthu wamba, zolephera mfundo yachilendo, ndalama Kusakhazikika.

Kulalikidwa kwa njira yatsopano mu chuma

Transformation inayamba mu 1921, pamene chakhumi Congress wa RCP (B) anatengera kusamvana pa kusintha kwa misonkho mu mtundu. Poyamba, NEP ndi zinakonzedwa ngati muyeso kanthawi. Kusintha anakokera kwa zaka zingapo. Mfundo yaikulu ya NEP - kusintha mu makampani, ulimi ndi nchito ndalama kuti adzachotsa mavuto chikhalidwe. Mipherezero anapereka Olemba ntchito ya kusinthika zachuma pa ndale, chuma, chikhalidwe ndi achilendo muzochitika ndondomeko.

Amakhulupirira kuti ufulu wochita malonda anali luso choyamba, koma izo siziri. Poyamba, ankaona zoopsa akuluakulu. Ganizo entrepreneurship, ndi Bolsheviks sanabwere yomweyo. NEP nyengo - nthawi ya zaluso akhala akuyesayesa kuphatikiza mphamvu ya chuma zokomera msika ndi nyengo.

kusintha makampani

The luso loyamba anali chilengedwe cha adalira. Iwo anali mayanjano mabizinesi ofanana kuti ndi ufulu wina wa kanthu, ndalama zawozawo. The oyamba a NEP - chiyambi cha kusintha wathunthu wa makampani. Kugwirizana watsopano - ndi kukhulupirira - mungaganizire kubala, kodi ndi ndani kuti agulitse. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zinali yotakata; ndipo kugula zinthu ndi kupanga malamulo a boma. Adalira analenga likulu malo, omwe amayenera kuphimba zomvetsa.

NEP - mfundo imene yapereka kukhazikitsidwa kwa syndicates. Magulu amenewa inkakhala adalira angapo. Syndicates kuchita malonda yachilendo, kukongoza, malonda mankhwala Kwatha, zopangira okwanira. Mpaka mapeto a nthawi NEP, ambiri amadalira anali mabanja otere.

Anachita chilungamo, chifukwa gulu la momwenso kuphana chofunika. Iwo unayamba kugwira ntchito zonse kunachitika msika, zomwe zimapangitsa zipangizo, yomalizidwa mankhwala. mtundu A kholo ubale msika ku Soviet Union anali NEP, zimayambitsa amene anagona mu chuma yosalongosoka.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za nthawi anali kubwerera kwa ndalama malipiro. NEP - nthawi imeneyi, chiyembekezo chakuti yolembedwa usilikali ntchito, kuchepetsa mlingo ulova. The ndondomeko yatsopano zachuma mwachangu kukhala payekha gawo mu makampani. Yodziwika ndi ndondomeko denationalization ena antchito omwe siaboma. Anthu anapatsidwa ufulu kutsegula zomera mafakitale ndi mafakitale.

Popular anali ankalola - mawonekedwe a lendi pamene anyantchoche ndi anthu achilendo kapena mabungwe alamulo. Mbali ya ndalama zakunja makamaka mkulu kampani yopanga zitsulo ndi makampani nsalu.

Zaluso mu ulimi

NEP - ndondomeko chimene chakhudza m'magulu onse a chuma, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka ulimi. The ziyenera chonse amadza chifukwa cha zaluso - positive. Mu 1922 izo anatengera Dziko Code. Lamulo latsopano yoletsedwa umwini patokha dziko, anali yekha analola ntchito pa ngongole.

mfundo NEP mu ulimi bwanji zinthu zokhudza ndiponso katundu wa m'mudzimo. wamba wotukuka anali opanda pake kukhala ndalama zake, kuphatikiza iwo kulipira misonkho yokwera. Osauka anatha kusintha zinthu ndalama. Choncho, osauka ndi olemera ndi ochepa - anali "pafupifupi".

alimi ambiri awonjezera wambiri dziko, kuchuluka wofuna ntchito. Komanso, ndi pa anthu a m'mudzimo amene msonkho katundu. A ndalama boma zinali zazikulu - pa asilikali, pa mafakitale pa ayambe chuma pambuyo Civil nkhondo. Msonkho wamba olemera sizinathandize kulera mlingo wa chitukuko, kotero ife tinali kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano nadzaza zopereka. Motero, pali mchitidwe wa kugula mbewu kwa alimi pa zotchipa - zimenezi zinachititsa kuti vuto ndi zikamera ndi maganizo "lumo mtengo". The zotsatira za maganizo a zachuma - 1923. Mu zaka 1924-25 mavutowo linabwerezedwanso - zomwenso wake wakhala kugwa kwambiri chiwerengero cha mbewu kukolola.

NEP - ino kusintha m'munda wa ulimi. Si onse zinachititsa kuti zotsatira zabwino, koma panali mbali ya chuma msika. Pofika kumapeto kwa nthawi NEP, mavuto kuonjezera.

dera ndalama

Pakuti kusintha anafunika kusintha kufalitsa ndalama. Ntchito yaikulu ya NEP wa - ziziyenda nchito ndalama ndi kuteteza matenda asapita ndalama ndi maiko ena.

Sitepe yoyamba ya okonzanso anali chipembedzo ndalama. Ndalama underpinned ndi nkhokwe za golide. nkhani anayambika ankagwiritsa ntchito kuphimba kuchepekedwa bajeti. Kuyambira zikuchitika ndalama dziko zowawa zambiri wamba ndi proletariat. The anthu ambiri anali kunena ngongole, kuwonjezera msonkho mwanaalirenji ndi kuchepetsa zinthu zofunikira.

Pa chiyambi cha kusintha NEP mu gawo ndalama anapambana. N'zotheka kuti achite gawo lachiwiri ya kusintha mu 1924. Anaganiza kuti atchule ndalama amphamvu. Mmbuyo anali chuma zolemba, ndi malipiro mayiko pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama za golidi. Inasanduka ngongole otchuka, amene kwambiri ntchito anatenga malo kugula ndi kugulitsa. mabungwe akuluakulu banki zakhazikitsidwa mu dera la USSR, amene ankagwira ntchito ndi makampani. Mderalo, chithandizo chinaperekedwa ndi mabanki onse. Pang'onopang'ono, chuma chikukwera. Panali mabanki, amene akhala akugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe ulimi mabungwe akunja.

Kukula ndale za m'nthawi ya dziko la NEP

kukonzanso chuma akhala limodzi ndi kulimbana ndale mu dziko. Panali kukula zizolowezi authoritarian. ulamuliro Vladimir Lenin a angatchedwe "gulu kupondereza". Mphamvu anaikira mu manja a Lenin ndi Trotsky, koma popeza mapeto a 1922 zinthu zasintha. Otsutsa Trotsky analenga umunthu mpatuko wa Lenin ndi Leninism anakhala cholinga nzeru zaumunthu lingaliro.

Iwo kumakulitsa kulimbana ndi Party Communist yokha. Panalibe pachilichonse mu bungwe. Iye totsutsa, amene analimbikitsa kupereka mphamvu zonse zilumikizano za malonda. Zokhudzana ndi izi ndi zikamera wa chikalata kuti analengeza umodzi wa Party ndi kumanga mapologalamu ambiri a anthu ake onse. Kulikonse, chipani anatenga udindo wa munthu yemweyo monga antchito a nyumba boma. Kukhala mabwalo ulamuliro anakhala cholinga yapamwamba. chipanichi nthawi zonse kuwonjezera, kotero pa nthawi tinayamba kuchititsa "kuyeretsedwa" umalimbana ndi Chikomyunizimu "wabodza".

Crisis inali nthawi pambuyo pa imfa ya Lenin. Zakulitsa mkangano anthu amisinkhu phwando. gulu pang'onopang'ono stratified - maudindo ambiri analandira kunsonga, dzina lake ndi "nomenclature".

Kotero, ngakhale mu zaka zomalizira za moyo wake Lenin wake "olowa" anayamba kuuza mphamvu. Kuyambira kasamalidwe anayesa kulikankhira atsogoleri akale wamasiku. Mu malo oyamba Trotsky. Naye anali kumenyana m'njira zosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri chabe mlandu "machimo" zosiyanasiyana. Pakati pawo - deviationism, Menshevism.

Akamaliza kusintha

mbali zabwino NEP, amene anaonekera pa siteji koyamba za kusintha pang'onopang'ono achotsa chifukwa zolephera ndi zochita uncoordinated wa mtsogoleri wa MCP. Waukulu vuto - mkangano dongosolo authoritarian chikominisi ndi akuyesetsa kuti atchule msika chuma chitsanzo. Amenewa anali mitengo iwiri kuti si kudyetsa, ndipo zidawawononga wina ndi mzake.

The Policy Economic Watsopano - NEP - pang'onopang'ono kuchepetsa kuyambira 1924-1925 nthawi. mbali Market anali m'malo mwa dongosolo centralized kulamulira. Ndipotu ndi makonzedwe ndi boma utsogoleri analanda.

Ndipotu NEP inatha mu 1928, pamene woyamba dongosolo zaka zisanu ndi malamulo a collectivization analengeza. Kuyambira tsopano ndondomeko yatsopano chuma kwachititsa unatha. NEP mwalamulo anatembenuka opitirira zaka 3 chabe - mu 1931. Kenako kuletsa malonda mseri.

zotsatira

NEP - mfundo zimene zathandiza kubwezeretsa chuma pompo. Vuto linali kupanda oyenerera - sangathe izi sikuloledwa kuti amange tichepetse a dziko.

makampani anali wokhoza kukwaniritsa ntchito yapamwamba, koma anakhalabe vuto gawo la ulimi. Ankapereka chidwi ndi zachuma. Kachitidwe anali kudwala-pakati, kotero panali vutoli amphamvu chuma. Mbali zabwino - ndi olimba a ndalama.