World chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yake

World chikhalidwe, kumachita ngati zochitika za cikhalidwe, ndi chidwi zosiyanasiyana za sayansi. chodabwitsa Izi anafufuza Chaanthu ndi aesthetics zinthu zakale, ethnography ndi ena. Kenako, ife timayang'ana pa zomwe ndi chikhalidwe dziko.

mwachidule

Iwo ayenera kuyamba ndi tanthauzo la "chikhalidwe" wa zosiyana. Mawu akuti matanthauzo ambiri kwambiri. Mabaibulo wapadera ndi luso akhoza kukumana kwambiri kutanthauzira kwa lingaliro ili. Mu moyo wamba, chikhalidwe kumvetsa mlingo wa ufulu chisamaliro ndi maphunziro. Azisangalala, zodabwitsazi n'zogwirizana ndi ntchito zambiri za luso wowerengeka ndi luso akatswiri. Mu moyo pagulu komanso zimagwira ntchito tanthauzo la mawu, andale, maganizo chikhalidwe ntchito.

Zikhulupiriro akale

Poyamba, mlingo wa chikhalidwe zoyenera pa akutchula zamanja ndi sayansi, ndi cholinga ankakhulupirira kuti anthu osangalala. History of Culture World amapita ku mtima wa zaka zambiri. Lingaliro ankatsutsa wathu ndi anthu woipitsitsawu wa boma lake. Patapita kanthawi panalinso sizikuyenda bwino tanthauzo. A kutsatira za izo, makamaka, anali Rousseau. Iye anakhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe ambiri m'dzikoli ndi Gwero la zoipa ndi mopanda anthu. Malinga Rousseau, ndi wowonongayo a makhalidwe ndi sikuti anthu osangalala ndi olemera. Komanso, iye ankakhulupirira kuti makhalidwe anthu - ndi zotsatira za zipambano za chikhalidwe. Rousseau anapereka moyo mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe, kukwaniritsidwa kwa analeredwa anthu pa chifuwa chake. Nzeru za Agiriki German chikhalidwe dziko chinaoneka ngati kudera la ufulu wauzimu wa anthu. Woweta atalemba kuti zodabwitsazi ndi patsogolo chitukuko cha luso la maganizo.

nzeru Marxist

M'zaka za m'ma 19 lingaliro la "chikhalidwe dziko" ntchito ngati khalidwe la zilandiridwenso anthu ndi zotsatira zovuta ntchito zake. Marxism anatsindika conditionality chikhalidwe njira yeniyeni kupanga. Iye akhapidziwa kuti iye nthawizonse wakhala ali ndi khalidwe makamaka: .. Bourgeois, wosazindikira, etc. Marxism anafufuza mawonetseredwe zosiyanasiyana: ndale, ntchito, ndi mbewu zina.

kumvetsa Nietzsche

Nzeru zapamwamba, iye anayesetsa mwambo wa Kutsutsa chodabwitsa kwa malire. Iye anali kuona chikhalidwe okha monga njira Kugonja ndi yimitsira wa munthu kupyolera mwa malamulo ndi zina malangizo Ziletsozi, madongosolo. Komabe, nzeru ena amakhulupirira kuti m'pofunika. Iye anafotokoza kuti chifukwa chakuti munthu wokha sukhalira kukhala countercultural, wopondereza ndi masoka.

chiphunzitso cha Spengler

Iye anakana m'mbali kuti mbiri ya chikhalidwe padziko lonse pamodzi patsogolo. Malinga Spengler, izo lagawidwa zamoyo angapo wapadera ndi palokha. zinthu izi si inakula ndi mwachibadwa magawo angapo motsatizana: zikamera, maluwa ndi kufa. Spengler ankakhulupirira kuti palibe chikhalidwe dziko. Wafilosofi anasankha eyiti chikhalidwe cha anthu a: Chirasha Siberia, Maya, Western European, Byzantine, Arab, Greek ndi Roman, China, India, Aiguputo. Anthuwa ankatengedwa ngati alipo paokha ndi paokha.

kumvetsa zamakono

chikhalidwe World - chodabwitsa osiyanasiyana. Inakhalapo m'mikhalidwe yosiyana. Chikhulupiriro chamakono cha chodabwitsa ndi nkhope osiyana kwambiri, chifukwa zikuphatikizapo maziko a zikhalidwe dziko. Kukula kwa mtundu uliwonse ndi wapadera. Chikhalidwe cha mtundu akuganiza yokha tsoka ake ndi njira zakale, malo ake pakati pa anthu. Komabe, ngakhale zosiyanasiyana ichi, lingaliro limodzi. Chopereka chachikulu chikhalidwe dziko wapanga msika capitalist. Kwa zaka zingapo Wawononga chosiyana mafuko ofala mu Ages Middle, kutembenuzira dziko mu "limodzi nyumba" kwa anthu. Chofunika kwambiri chikhalidwe dziko anali atulukira America ndi Columbus. wokhudza nkhaniyi mwachangu chinathandiza Kupha kudzipatula anthu ndi maiko. Mpaka zikhalidwe ankachita ndi mukuchitika ndondomeko.

mumaganiza Ofunika

Mu XX atumwi panali mathamangitsidwe kochititsa kaso kwa mgwirizano chikhalidwe dziko ndi dera. Pakali pano, anatsimikiza mtima mumaganiza awiri mu chitukuko cha zovuta izi. The woyamba ayenera kutengedwa ngati wofuna kupambana komanso m'maganizo, kuteteza "munthu". Ichi ndi odziwika mu nthano mabuku ndi chinenero. Masiku chachiwiri amati interpenetration ndi zimene zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Izi kunatheka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zolankhulirana ndi kulankhulana, malonda yogwira ndi kuphana chuma, komanso pamaso pa nyumba wamba utsogoleri omwe amalamulira pasukuluyi. Mwachitsanzo, United Nations, UNESCO ntchito - bungwe udindo nkhani ya sayansi, maphunziro komanso chikhalidwe. Chifukwa, ndi citukuko zimatengera maganizo kwathunthu. Kutengera pa kaphatikizidwe chikhalidwe opangidwa limodzi mapulaneti chitukuko, okhala padziko lonse chikhalidwe dziko. Munthu mu nkhani iyi ndi mlengi wake. Komanso chikhalidwe limathandiza kuti chitukuko cha anthu. Mmenemo anthu kupeza zinthu ndi chidziwitso cha akalambula lapansi.

World achipembedzo chikhalidwe

zodabwitsazi kumafuna machitidwe ambiri. Zinapangidwa pa maziko a dziko, wokhudzana ndi zikhulupiriro zakale ndi miyambo wowerengeka, chinenero. Anthu kapena zikhulupiriro zina anali kale isanafalikire mu mayiko ena. Maziko a zikhalidwe achipembedzo dziko n'zogwirizana anthu dziko ndi mitundu.

Chiyuda

chipembedzo chimenechi chinayamba mwa Ayuda akale. Kumayambiriro kwa Zakachikwi wachiwiri wa anthu awa inafikira Palestine. Chiyuda - chimodzi mwa zipembedzo zochepa zimene anapulumuka ku nthawi ino m'pang'ono mawonekedwe. chikhulupiriro ichi m'pamene kusintha kwa yambiri kuti mmodzi.

Chihindu

Izi mawonekedwe a chipembedzo ndi imodzi mwa ambiri. Iwo adanyamuka woyamba Zakachikwi AD. Icho chinali chifukwa cha mkangano pakati Chijaini, Chibuda (chipembedzo chatsopano) ndi Brahmanism.

Zikhulupiriro ku China

Ambiri mu masiku akale anali chipembedzo monga Chikomfyushani Chitao. Pankhani kutsutsana woyamba ali lero. Ngakhale kuti pali zizindikiro zambiri zimene zingathe kuganizira Chikomfyushani chipembedzo ambiri si chimatengedwa ngati zimenezi. peculiarity ake ndi pakalibe Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira ansembe ndi kuphedwa kwa miyambo ya akuluakulu a boma. Chitao imatengedwa mitundu miyambo ya chipembedzo. Imakhala kwa wosanjikiza masanjidwe wa ansembe. Maziko a chipembedzo anali ochita matsenga ndi zochita. Chitao ndi mlingo wapamwamba kutsitsimuka. Pankhaniyi, chipembedzo amamuonera khalidwe supranational. Mu mawonekedwe zikhulupiriro wosanganiza oimira zinenero zosiyanasiyana, anthu. Iwo angathe mwachirengedwe, zachikhalidwe ili kutali ndithu Chrixitu.

Chibuda

Izi wakale dziko achipembedzo chikhalidwe anayambitsa m'zaka za m'ma V. BC. e. chiwerengero cha okhulupirira ndi ochepa miliyoni zana. Malinga ndi kaundula wakale, monga woyambitsa wa kalonga mokomera India Siddhartha Gautama. Iye analandira dzina la Buddha. Maziko a chipembedzo imalimbikitsa ziphunzitso za makhalidwe abwino, ndi chimene munthu akhoza kukhala angwiro. Poyamba malamulo mu Buddhism kumasonyeza nkhungu zoipa ndi kukhala ndi khalidwe Akuletsa: musatenge wina, osati kupha, ndi zina zotero. Kwa anthu amene akufunafuna kukhala wangwiro, malamulo amenewa ndi choonadi mtheradi.

Chikhristu

chipembedzo Izi ankaona kuti ambiri lero. Pali okhulupirira oposa biliyoni. Mu Baibulo monga maziko a ntchito, zomwe zikuphatikizapo Chakale ndi Chatsopano. Miyambo yofunika kwambiri mpatuko ankaona mgonero ndi ubatizo. inawo amaona chizindikiro cha kuchotsedwa kwa tchimo loyambirira la munthu.

Islam

Chipembedzo cha anthu olankhula Chiarabu, anthu ambiri ku Asia ndi ku North Africa. Buku chachikulu cha Islam imatengedwa kuti ndi Koran. Ndi mndandanda wa zolemba ziphunzitso ndi mawu amene anayambitsa chipembedzo cha Muhammad.

pomaliza

Chipembedzo ndi imodzi mwa njira zikuluzikulu za malamulo. Mkati malamulo owona, munthu amene tiyenera kutsatira pa moyo wake. Pamodzi ndi chipembedzo ichi ndi chinthu chikhalidwe malamulo zimene zimachitika pakati pa anthu. Zimenezi n'zofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa magulu amene anthu kuzindikira ufulu wawo monga kulekerera.