Ammonium asafe mu madzi ndi nthaka

Biogenic mchitidwe umene akadaulo njira biogidrotsenoza - ammonium asafe.

The zinthu zachilengedwe

Malo angaone kusintha zili mchitidwe wa: kumakhaladi zosakwana masika, koma m'chilimwe, chifukwa zinthu zabwino kutentha, ndende yake kwambiri kuchuluka chifukwa massively kuwola ndinso zinthu organic.

Ndipo kwambiri zokhudza chikhalidwe ukhondo wa matupi madzi, amene amakakamiza kumapangitsanso ulamuliro pa viability wa topezeka kudera. The pazipita chovomerezeka ndende mu madzi matupi kumene nsomba ndi chimodzi pamene ammonium asafe ndi zosakwana 0,39 mamiligalamu pa lita.

Mmadzi

Kudzikundikira mapuloteni asafe umamumvera ammonification, ndi ndondomeko imaphwanya mapuloteni boma ammonium. Zinyalala madzi lidzayeretsedwa mwa gwero asafe, ngati iwo kupeza mpweya zakudya kwa maselo. Tima ntchito zidzachitika awo kukula kwake, ndipo pamene makutidwe ndi okosijeni Ayamba, amoniya asafe anamasulidwa mu mawonekedwe a ammonia. Ndiponso, ali oxidized kuti nitrites kenako ku feteleza boma kapena ankakhulupirira kale nawo mu kaphatikizidwe latsopano.

Pofuna kuchotsa asafe ammonium ku posungira, clinoptilolite ntchito, ndiye madzi limabwezeretsa zidazo. Ikani nsanja nyengo yofunda, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira iwo m'malo mwa ion kuwombola mbewu, imene zinthu zoipa ndi kuchotsedwa madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa. Zonse unachitikira kafukufuku, zitsanzo akutengedwa pa amoniya asafe mu madzi, amene otchezedwa ku chitsanzo anatengedwa, ndiyeno distillate analandira anatsimikiza ndi nambala yake.

Kodi kuyeretsa dziwe

Pali mu chikhalidwe cha ion kuwombola nkhani wotchedwa clinoptilolite (zeolite kalasi). Ndi thandizo lake, m'pofunika kuti abwezeretse chiyero cha madzi. Amoniya asafe mu madzi si kwathunthu kotero Choncho choyamba tiyenera kumasula izo kuchokera zolimba onse inaimitsidwa kenako kutulutsa madzi klinoptilolitovye Zosefera. Ichi ndi mankhwala mwachilungamo mtengo, koma zothandiza kwambiri - mpaka nainte seveni.

Kusinthika Pakufunika kukhazikitsa njira ya sodium kolorayidi - peresenti asanu kapena khumi. Katundu ndiye muyenera kusambitsana ndi madzi. Idzaima kuchokera njira amoniya, amene akhoza kuyamwa chidulo sulfuric kupanga sulphate ammonium, chimene chiri chabwino kwambiri monga feteleza ndi. Ammonium asafe mu madzi zinyalala, ndi asafe munali mankhwala organic achotsedwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya distillation, m'zigawo, kumamatira.

Njira yopangira feteleza

Njira imeneyi ndi bwino ngati mukufuna kufotokoza asafe ammonium. njira zina zimene zimapezeka feteleza chomwecho, - amide, nitrate - njira zimenezi sizingatheke zotsimikizika. Choyamba muyenera kuchotsa asafe ammonium mu madzi zinyalala Mwachitsanzo, zake zokwanira. njira tafotokozazi. Kenako, chitsanzo cha fetereza tsogolo ayenera kuyikidwa mu botolo ndi kukhetsa acid amathiridwa (molar ndende ayenera kukhala - 0,05 mol, pa DM ^3). botolo padagwedezeka zida wapadera ndi zofunika osachepera theka la ola, ndiye n'zotheka kukankhira maola khumi.

Njira yothetsera anali ndiye kachiwiri logwedezeka ndi osasankhidwa kupyolera yosema fyuluta youma. Wotuluka monga hydrochloric zili asidi wosambitsa fyuluta katatu konse, ndiye filtrate buku ayenera kubweretsa koyamba asidi njira kachiwiri. Choncho, poyamba, ankafunika la ammonia asafe mu madzi, ndipo kachiwiri - mu mtima wa kuchuluka kwa zokolola zake feteleza. The ranges masika ku forte kuti mamiligalamu zana ndi makumi asanu pa lita, ndi caprolactam mu njira yomweyo lili ku mamiligalamu eyiti kuti eyite pa lita. Ngati zili la ammonia nayitrogeni - mamiligalamu zosakwana makumi awiri, chochitika sadzakhala zotheka, ndi njira sichiri.

magwero a kuipitsa

Kwambiri khalidwe mbali ya mafakitale zinyalala madzi - wosakhazikika mipweya, ndi ankafunila nthawi anatengera kwa chitukuko cha microflora, owonjezera organic mankhwala a asafe ndi mchere chiyambi. Musanapite chithandizo kwachilengedwenso zomera zimbudzi chithandizo madzi zinyalala wothira banja ndi banja chotero ali pakuchitika. Amoniya asafe (chilinganizo NH ₄₊₎ ndi chofunika kwambiri madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito.

magwero a kuipitsa kungakhale madzi zinyalala zosiyanasiyana mafakitale - kuchokera zakudya ndi ku zitsulo, coke-mankhwala, microbiological, mankhwala ndi petrochemical. Kwakenso monga onse zinyalala banja, manyowa, ulimi - m'minda. Chifukwa cha zinthu mopanda ulemu mapuloteni ndi urea, feteleza komanso nitrites ndi anaerobically limzake.

Mmene thupi

Mu thupi mankhwala awa bwanji moyipa kwambiri. Amoniya denatures mapuloteni ndi kulowa nawo zotani. Ndiye maselo Choncho zimakhala thupi kusiya kupuma, pali kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo chapakati mantha, chiwindi, dongosolo kupuma, akusokoneza ziwiya magazi. Ngati inu ntchito zonse madzi ndi mkulu zili ammonium akuvutika asidi-zamchere malire acidosis Ayamba.

Choncho tisalole ntchito abwino feteleza organic ndi mchere m'dziko, m'pofunika zonse kulimbana ndi okhutira kwambiri zinthu zoipa monga amoniya asafe m'nthaka ali solubility mkulu, choncho chakudya ndi madzi kwenikweni poizoni iye, maganizo ake nthawi zambiri kufika milingo poizoni. Makamaka anakhudzidwa ndi ana izi. Akutukuka methemoglobinemia, mpweya boma mu thupi chitatha pansi msanga, woyamba umayamba zowawa thirakiti m'mimba.

Malire mlingo

Ayi methaemoglobinaemia matenda ayamba kale pa zili a ku feteleza mu madzi kuti mamiligalamu makumi asanu pa lita, ndipo pamene ndende ukufika mamiligalamu anayi ndi zisanu pa lita, matenda amatenga yaikulu. Mu United States, France, Netherlands, Germany anagwira kafukufuku mwatsatanetsatane, amene anasonyeza kuti mamiligalamu oposa makumi asanu nitrate pa lita opezeka mu magawo fifite milandu. Pansi komanso madzi ambiri nthawi kuposa malire a ndende wa ku feteleza - mpaka mamiligalamu mazana khumi ndi asanu pa lita, pamene World Health Organization waika malire a mamiligalamu makumi asanu. Ndipo madzi kuti anthu amwe!

Ndipo madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala m'njira zosiyanasiyana - ndi kusefera zamoyo ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi Mpweya umene ndi hypochlorites zitsulo lapansi, aeration, ndi sorption, amene amagwiritsa zeolites, mawonekedwe sodium, ndi resins ion kuwombola ndi mankhwala amphamvu soda, ndi flotation, ndi kuchepetsedwa zitsulo ammonium magnesium, ndi njira ya trisodium mankwala ndi magnesium mankhwala enaake. Komabe, luso kuyeretsedwa ndi zonse utsalira umisiri ndi kuipitsa.

zakudya

Mu madzi achilengedwe mpweya sungunuka (NH ₃₎ amoniya, pamene pali kuwonongeka amuzolengedwa mankhwala organic, kuphatikizapo ammonia ndi asafe. Kenako anapanga ndi anapeza mankhwala ena - ammonium ion ndi amoniya asafe. Kusungunuka amoniya akulowa Madamu ndi mobisa kapena pamwamba paulimi ndi effluent mvula. Ngati ndende ya ammonium ion (NH ₄₊₎ kuposa maziko mtengo, zikutanthauza maonekedwe a latsopano gwero la kuipitsidwa ndi pafupi. Zimakhala ngati minda ziweto kapena matsango a manyowa ndi nayitrogeni feteleza zosasamaliridwa anasiya monga atsamunda makampani ndi zimbudzi zofunikira.

A pawiri wa asafe, mpweya, phosphorous, zomwe zili mu madzi zinyalala kulowa amatunga, kuchititsa zinawonongeka kwambiri kwa zachilengedwe pafupifupi onse zigawo Russia. Madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala tsiku ndi tsiku kukhala ndi zogwirizana, popeza anthu ambiri zoipitsa, kuphatikizapo mankhwala asafe, nthaŵi zambiri ipitirirabe pa. Zingamvekere osati madzi akumwa. Mofulumira kudziunjikira ku feteleza pafupifupi onse zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, iwo ali mu udzu ndi tirigu, imene imadyedwa ndi ziweto.

Zili madzi a NH3 ndi NH4

Madamu nthawi zambiri kusintha njira muli asafe: salt ammonium ndi amoniya, albuminoid asafe (organic), nitrite (nitrous asidi mchere) ndi nitrate (nitric asidi mchere). Zonsezi aumbike pamodzi ndi asafe ndondomeko mineralization, koma kunadetsa aziwapatsa madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Tsopano muyenera kuyeretsa mchere. Mankhwala asafe kubwera kwa zipangizo chithandizo mu mawonekedwe a asafe nitrate, nitrite asafe, amoniya asafe ndi asafe zokhudzana organic mankhwala. Madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito dongosolo banja ndi ndende otsika zinthu zina, ambiri a madamu a amatumiza makampani.

Pa kuyeretsedwa misa chiŵerengero cha magawanidwe a uliwonse asafe mankhwala zikusintha. Zikuchokera madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito akukhala wina kale pa zoyendera chifukwa urea ali madzi oyang'anira tauni ndi zinyalala m'nyumba, zimavuta ndi mabakiteriya, linagawanika ndi imapanga ion ammonium. The Utali wa maukonde kuchimbudzi, m'pamenenso ndondomeko udzapita. Nthawi zina zili ammonium ayoni pa khomo la kuyeretsa kwa makumi asanu mamiligalamu pa kiyubiki decimeter, umene kwambiri.

asafe organic

Kodi asafe, amene wapangidwa ndi zinthu organic - mapulotini proteids, polipepsidov (macromolecular mankhwala), amino zidulo, urea (mankhwala maselo), amines, amides. organics onse, kuphatikizapo ndi asafe, akulowa madzi zinyalala, kenako mankhwala asafe zagonjetsedwa kwa ammoniation. Organic asafe mu madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zambiri, nthawi zina peresenti makumi asanu ndi awiri a mankhwala onse asafe. Koma chifukwa cha ammoniation pa njira chomera zimbudzi chithandizo akubwera asafe organic si maperesenti oposa khumi.

Komanso pali kale wopangidwa ndi chithandizo kwachilengedwenso. Gawo loyamba - nitrification, i.e. zosinthidwa za mankhwala asafe chifukwa mitundu ina ya tizilombo zomwe ammonium asafe ndi oxidized mu nitrate ion ndi ion nitrite. Nitrifying mabakiteriya sangathe mantha - iwo kuti kunja zinthu kwambiri tcheru ndi mosavuta kwawo. Koma ku feteleza ngati kugwa mu posungira, zikubweretsa imfa yake, chifukwa iwo ali malo kuswana kwambiri kwa zosiyanasiyana microflora. N'chifukwa chake topezeka a ku feteleza m'pofunika adzatulukemo.

Nitrites ndi ku feteleza

Ngati madzi zinyalala kudutsa pa nthaka, ndi asafe ammonium mchikakamizo cha mabakiteriya ena koyamba anatembenukira kwa nitrite ndipo kenako nitrate. Kuwanda ndi ochititsa zosiyanasiyana zimadalira zinthu zimene anawonjezera pa nthawi ya chiphaso cha mankhwala asafe pano mu nthaka, ndiyeno madzi.

Pa chigumula ndende mitundu organic zake ndithu kuchuluka chifukwa zotsalira organic anasambitsidwa kwa nyemba zanu, ndi m'chilimwe komanso yafupika kwambiri, chifukwa ndi "chakudya" chifukwa zosiyanasiyana zamoyo za m'madzi. Nitrites - mungafike mtundu wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ammonium, wokhala kukhala ku feteleza. Mu madzi achilengedwe, nitrate zambiri zambiri, ngati sizichitika ankatenthetsa feteleza m'minda.