Wambiri Lesia Ukrainka: zithunzi ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

World mabuku lili ndi mayina a anthu olemba mabuku ndi ndakatulo, amene ntchito analanda mitima ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Pakati pawo ndi dzina lalikulu Chiyukireniya ndakatulo, odziwika onse kunyumba ndi kunja. Anthu ambiri amadziwa ndakatulo yake. Koma si aliyense amadziwa yosangalatsa ndi chidwi ndi mbiri ya Lesya Ukrainka. moyo wake unali wotani?

The kupambana kwa mzimu wa munthu

Wambiri Lesia Ukrainka zopweteka, chikondi, kuvutika chingwe kafukufuku kulenga, amene akamagwiritsa ntchito yake amazipanga luso. Ankadzifunsa ngati aliyense za tsoka movutika? Chakuti pafupifupi onse a moyo wake chinachitika ndi chidziwitso cha matenda osachiritsika, zikhoza thupi osalimba?

Wambiri Lesia Ukrainka zowawa ndi zodabwitsa. Chifukwa cha TB mafupa mkazi moyo wake wonse anakakamizika limp. Matenda, chifukwa mavuto yekha, asanakalambe anabweretsa ku manda a wokonda ake. Venter mwadala zinasokoneza ntchito yake ndi moyo - Musalole kuti kusintha mawu ndi konse anavomereza kusankha ake.

Kukhulupirira kuti mkazi wabadwa osalimba, akhoza kupirira mavuto onsewa anapirira ndi cholowa. Ndipo zilibe amapitiriza mzimu osasweka, komanso kuphunzira kuchokera ku mphamvu ndi kudzoza kulenga ntchito wokongola. Ambiri a iwo, ngati mbiri yokha Lesia Ukrainka, ndipo lero amakhalabe zothandiza. Iwo amanyamula mlandu waukulu ndichiyembekezo mzimu wa invincibility, kuphunzitsa ubwino ndi choonadi.

Lesya Ukrainka: yonena Chiyukireniya wolemba

Kudziwana ndi yonena za Lesya Ukrainka, wina azindikira kuti analengedwa kuti zilandiridwenso. anamuperekeza wake unali ndi anthu zodabwitsa luso, ophunzira ndi kulenga.

Wapafupi mwamuna wake - mayi ake - anali wotchuka Chiyukireniya ndakatulo komanso womasulira amene analenga pseudonym Olena Pchilka. Panopa, yemweyo dzina lake Olga Kosach. Lolowera iye "anapereka" wina odziwika bwino Chiyukireniya wolemba Panas Mirny, popeza kuti anali bwino ntchito yake yovuta kwambiri ndipo ntchito zipatso.

m'bale mayiyo anali wotchuka Chiyukireniya mbiri ndi folklorist, lolimbikitsa anthu chithunzi, amene adayima pa chiyambi cha sosholisimu Chiyukireniya. dzina lake - Mikhail Petrovich Dragomanov.

M'nyumba nthawi zambiri kuyendera oimira kwambiri a anzeru Chiyukireniya. Kulankhulana ndi anthu chikhalidwe ndi wophunzira kwambiri, kumene, motsogoleredwa chitukuko chachikulu atsikana pa mapangidwe view dziko, komanso chitukuko mtsogolo wolemba ndakatulo.

Kodi mukhoza kuwerenga za moyo wake?

Luso ndi yowala yonena za Lesya Ukrainka mu chinenero Chiyukireniya ali mabuku ndipo amapezeka kuti ophunzira kuphunzira sukulu Chiyukireniya chinenero. Ndakatulo mwamphamvu ali ndi malo apamwamba mu gululo wa olemba bwino ndi ndakatulo ya Ukraine, kuphunzira mozama kuti amapereka pulogalamu sukulu.

Ophunzira a sukulu Russian mu Ukraine, pamodzi ndi Russian ndi mayiko, akuphunziranso ndi mabuku Chiyukireniya. Iwo amalimbikitsidwa dziŵani yonena za Lesya Ukrainka mu Ukraine.

Limapereka Chirasha anthu onse Ukraine, komanso m'mayiko ena amene akufuna kuphunzira za moyo wa ndakatulo iyi, mu mabuku Russian olembedwa ambiri ndi monographs, komanso mabuku pa TV. Komanso, yonena za Lesya Ukrainka mu Russian (ndi mu Ukraine) ndi poyera likupezeka pa Intaneti.

moyo wake nkhani lotereli ambiri. Izo si ntchito wapatali a ndakatulo iyi, koma chifuniro chake indomitable, wofuna kukhala ndi moyo ndi chikondi.

Mwachidule yonena za Lesya Ukrainka. magwero

dzina lake lenileni - Larisa Petrovna Kosach. Anabadwa pa February 13 (New kalendala 25) 1871 mu Novograd Volyn mu Chiyukireniya m'banja lapamwamba a mbadwa za akulu.

Makolo a ndakatulo tsogolo - mbadwa ya kumanzere-banki Ukraine - anakakhala ku dera Volyn m'chilimwe cha 1868. Ku Kiev, makolo ake anasamukira ku malo atsopano pano utumiki bambo.

Mutu wa banja, Peter Antonovich Kosach, wachilamulo mwa kuphunzitsa, Munthu wa fuko lomveka, ndi zimayesetsa kuchita zinthu zosangalatsa. ntchito yake utumiki anayamba ndi udindo wa mlembi collegiate, kwa kanthawi anatumikira monga mtsogoleri wa anthu otchuka mu chigawo Kovel. Kuyambira 1901-TH - leni boma milandu. Uvekalsya mabuku ndiponso kupenta. nyumba zonse anasonkhana ojambula zithunzi, oimba, olemba, zoimbaimba banja inachitika.

Mayi poetess Olga Petrovna Kosach (Dragomanova) kubwera kwa olemekezeka inatera, Chiyukireniya wolemba, publicist, ethnographer. Monga tanenera kale, dzina - Olena Pchilka. An ophunzira mwakhama gululi akazi, wofalitsa almanaha "korona woyamba".

Mwachidule yonena za Chiyukireniya Lesia Ukrainka Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza pansipa (onani "About wake - mu chinenero chakwawo.").

anamuperekeza

mlongo wa mayi ake (amalume a wolemba) anali wolemba wotchuka, folklorist mabuku wotsutsa, katswiri ndi maonekedwe onse Mikhail Petrovich Dragomanov. Kumtundu wa m'banja lachifumu, mu nthawi yake, iye anali pulofesa wothandizira ku yunivesite ya Kiev, ndiye pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Sofia (Bulgaria). Iye anathandizana ndi Ivan Franko.

Amalume ankaimba otsogolera kutchukitsa maganizo mphwanga: anam'patsa zikhulupiriro zake zokomera, zolinga kutumikira kwawo. Ndi thandizo lake, wolemba ndakatulo tsogolo bwinobwino zinenero angapo ena ndi ankatha kuona zitsanzo za tingachipeze powerenga mabuku dziko.

Aunt Lesya (otchedwa tsogolo ndakatulo m'banja), Elena Antonovna Kosach, anali woukira boma yogwira. Mu March 1879 ankachita nawo kuphedwa chiwembucho mmodzi mwa nduna za gendarme, iye anali ku Siberia kwa zaka 5. Pa mwambo Les anayankha ndakatulo yake yoyamba, "Hope" (1880).

wakhanda

Iye anali limodzi kwa mchimwene wake Mikhail. Pamodzi analandira maphunziro kunyumba, kuchita ambuye tsankho.

Werengani Les anaphunzira zaka 4. Zikomo kwa mayi ake oyambirira chidwi ndi folklore Chiyukireniya.

Popeza 1878, anayamba ubwenzi wake ndi mlongo wa bambo ake - ndi azakhali mafuta amene wasiya chizindikiro chake onse mu moyo ndi ntchito ya ndakatulo iyi.

Mu chaka chomwecho banja atasamukira ku mudzi Kolodyazhni (Volyn), kumene bambo ake, omwe anali kunditumiza ku ntchito Lutsk, kugula dziko.

Chaka chotsatira, anamangidwa ndi ku Siberia azakhali, Elena Antonovna Kosach.

Mu 1880 mwamuna wake anagwidwa ku ukapolo azakhali wina, Alexandra Antonovna Kosach (Szymanowska), amene pamodzi ndi ana ake awiri anasamukira ku moyo mu banja la m'bale wake. Aunt Sasha anayamba Lesya choyamba nyimbo mphunzitsi.

M'nyengo yozizira 1881 mtsikana ali chimfine choipa, ndi chifukwa kuti anayamba matenda amene ankabwerera moyo wake. Anayamba ululu mumamva mwendo wake, anayamba kupweteka dzanja.

Madokotala anandipeza poyamba la misempha. Zizindikiro za matenda wakhala zopanda mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala mankhwala nawo. Koma kwa kanthawi.

Auto yonena za Lesya Ukrainka mu chinenero Chiyukireniya lili mavumbulutso zimene iye ayenera kulimbana moyo wonse ndi ululu wake kovutitsa ndi mavuto. Mtsikanayo osalimba anali wambawamba khalidwe ndi mphamvu kwambiri. "Okhala musalire, Ine smіyalas" - akulemba. Pa Russian mawu awa amamasulidwa motere: ". Pofuna kulira, ine kuseka"

matenda

mudzi Kolodyazhni wakhala malo okhazikika okhala wa banja. Apa amabadwa abale ndi alongo achitsikana (banja lonse linali la ana asanu).

Mu 1883-mamita (Lesia ndi mchimwene wake Michael pa nthawi tinkakhala ndiponso ophunzitsidwa Kiev) iye anapezeka ndi TB ya m'mafupa, ntchito mkono, kumupangitsa iye ndi kuyiwala za ntchito ya limba kuti ife ndimalota za.

Amabwerera Kolodyazhni kumene Kukuthandiza Anthu Odwala ndi kupitiriza maphunziro kunyumba.

achinyamata

Mothandizidwa ndi amayi ake, ndipo akuphunzira a ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo zinenero Asilavo. Komanso Latin ndi Greek wakale. Iye wokonda kupenta.

Mlingo wa maphunziro banja Larysa Kosach umboni ndi chakuti zaka 19 iye anali potengera zolemba za asayansi odziwika bwino, anali alongo ake buku pa mbiri yakale ya chinenero Chiyukireniya, lomwe linasindikizidwa patapita zaka zambiri (mu 1918) ku Ekaterinoslav.

Iwo anamasuliridwa mu kwambiri a Chiyukireniya (ntchito za Heinrich Heine Adamu Mickiewicz, Homer, Victor Hugo, Gogol ndi ena.). Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti matenda nthawi zonse anapanga lokha anamva. Koma mayi anabweretsa Lesya wamphamvu amene alibe ufulu kupereka kufooka ndi pa-zakukhosi kwawo.

Chiyambi cha zilandiridwenso

Ndipo komabe, ambiri Chofunika, kuposa yonena wachuma wa Lesia Ukrainka - ntchito a ndakatulo iyi.

Mu 1884 zimayamba kulemba mwachangu (mu Ukraine). ndakatulo ake oyambirira - "Sappho," "Lily", "Red Chilimwe chinafika," etc. -. Lviv limafalitsa magazini "Dawn".

Mwachidule za ntchito zolembedwa

M'kupita kwa nthawi, adzakhala wolemba ntchito zosiyanasiyana Mitundu ya utolankhani, ndakatulo, nkhani sewero. Ambiri ntchito m'munda wa m'nthano - ndi mawu ake adzakhala kulemba oposa 200 nyimbo wowerengeka. Khalani ophunzira mwakhama kayendedwe dziko.

kutchuka Kwake Lesya Ukrainka kudutsa chilengedwe cha:

1) kusonkhanitsa ndime:

• 1893rd: "Pa mapiko a Songs";
• 1899-TH "Duma ndi maloto";
• 1902-TH: "Feedback";

2) ndakatulo:

• 1893rd "Old nthano";
• 1903rd: "Mawu amodzi";

3) AMD:

• 1913th: "Boyar";
• 1907-TH: "Cassandra";
• 1905 D: "Mu mphanga za";
• 1911 TH "Forest Song" ndi ena.

Koma adzakhala pamenepo. Ndipo komabe ...

kukhwima

Kuyambira 1891 wachiwiri izo amayendera wotchedwa Galicia, Bukovina, anakumana ndi zithunzi ambiri otchuka a Azungu Chiyukireniya: V. Stefanik, I. Franko, A. Macovei, O. Kobylyanskaya, H. Kobrin.

Pa chaka (1894-1895) amakhala ndi amalume ake Michael Dragomanov ku Sofia.

Akuluakulu mphamvu matenda ake kuti asagwidwe pa pogwiritsa ku Egypt, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary. Ndakatulo mobwerezabwereza anapita Caucasus, Odessa, Crimea. Kuyendayenda Polemeretsedwa zinachitikira ake ndipo M'maso kunanditsegula.

M'chaka cha 1907, pamodzi ndi mkwati Klimentiem Kvitkoy iye akuyendera Alupka, Yalta, Sevastopol.

Mu August chaka chino, iwo formalized ukwati. Ena m'dziko Kiev, pite ku Crimea, kumene Kvitka kutsindikiza kupeza malo mu bwalo.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

matenda akewo anapita patsogolo bwinobwino. Chifuwa chachikulu mafupa walimbikitsa, thereto adaonjezeredwa matenda osachiritsika a impso.

Iye anapeza mphamvu ntchito kugonjetsa ululu ndi kuvutika.

Iye ndi mwamuna wake anasonkhana nthano kukonzedwa sewero okha. Pa mankhwala mu Caucasus zinalengedwa sewero Motani Zimene Zimakhala Zofunikadi "Forest Song", ndakatulo zochititsa chidwi "chisembwere" lyric-epic triptych odzipereka Ivanu Franko.

Atamva matenda mwana wake wamkazi kukula, mayi adza kwa Georgia, amene analemba pansi pakamwa wake wotsiriza otsala yosatha sewero - ". Pa kugombe la Alexandria"

The kwambiri Chiyukireniya ndakatulo anamwalira pa July 19 (August 1) mu 1913 ku tauni Chijojiya wa Surami. Iye anali zaka 42. Iye anaikidwa Kiev pa Baikove manda.

Za izo - mu chinenero chakwawo

Wambiri ya Lesya Ukrainka mu Ukraine, zomwe ife azipereka m'nkhani ino mwachidule malipoti kale mfundo zokhudza moyo wake. Chinenero ya ndakatulo adzakhala kudutsa mzimu wake ndiponso kumvetsa bwino dziko mkati:

"Lesya Ukrainka - psevdonіm vidatnoї ukraїnskoї pismennitsі, poetesi, Perekladach, chikhalidwe dіyacha. Spravzhnє іm'ya - Larisa Petrіvna Kosach.

25 1871 aakulu anthu kuti mіstі Novogradі-Volins'ka mu rodinі dvoryanskіy. Mayi poetesi Bula vіdomoyu pismennitseyu scho pid amalenga psevdonіmom - Olena Pchіlka. Batko CCB visokoosvіchenim pomіschikom. Amalume Lesі - vіdomy vcheny, іstorik Michael Dragomanov.

Mu domі Kosachіv nerіdko zbiralisya tsіkavі, osvіchenі gostі, vlashtovuvalisya domashnі zoimbaimba ine woyera, ophunzira yakih Stavan dіti.

Les navchalasya mu vchitelіv Private. Pa 6 rokіv vmіla vzhe vishivati wabwino.

1881 zovuta zahvorіla tuberkuloz kіstok.

Health Protection mu mpheroyi atembenuza zmushena wa a Kyiv, de navchalasya nthawi іz m'bale mu vchitelіv payekha kuti Kolodyazhni (rіdny Mayetok pa Volinі). W Mpumulo materі vivchaє іnozemnі MTIE (frantsuzku, nіmetsku kuti INSHI).

Mu 1884 rozpochinaєtsya її yogwira dіyalnіst Yak poetesi. Lvivske vidavnitstvo "Zorya" drukuє Pershi vіrshі "Konvalіya" Sappho "iye INSHI.

1885 vihodit її Chiyukireniya pereklad tvorіv Mikoli Gogolya.

Nadalі anapambana bagato perekladala: Homer, Heine, Mіtskevicha, Hugo.

19 rokіv chandamale pіdruchnik іstorії alongo svoїh.

H 1891 a bagato mandruє wotchedwa Galicia kraїnami Єvropi, vіdvіduє Gruzіyu, Іtalіyu, Єgipet. Znayomitsya wa vіdomimi dіyachami svіtovoї kuti ukraїnskoї chikhalidwe. Deyaky ola prozhivaє mu Sofії pa amalume.

Nthawi zambiri tsі podorozhі vimushenі anamanga Zdorov'ya pismennitsі. Ale kununkha anatumbula TH Nadzvychaina sytuatsia rozshiryuyut її krugozіr kuti nadihayut pa tvorchіst. Її poezіya - charіvnі zbіrki vіrshіv "Vіdguki" Osіnnya nthano "," krill pіsen "," adzakhala Pisni za "modabwitsa kukuwa" Kasandra "sewero-feєrіya" Lisova pіsnya "iye INSHI - prosyaknutі lyubov'yu kuti Svoge anthu kuti yogo іstorії, zaklikom viboryuvati anakhalabe gawo kumtunda.

Mu serpnі anapambana pobiraєtsya wa Klimentієm Kvіtkoyu, yaky її schiro Kochav. Molodі prozhivayut mu Krim. Pakuti pіdozroyu neblagonadіynostі Chaka pa buku pa kvartirі zdіysnyuєtsya zhandarmsky obshuk, mabuku viluchayutsya.

Ostannі miyala Zhittya Lesі Ukrїnki kudutsa pa mtengo wapamwamba kuti lіkuvannі. Anapambana vіdvіduє Yalta Batumі, Tbіlіsі, Kiev, Odessa, Єvpatorіyu, їzdit pa konsultatsії kuti Berlіnu, lіkuєtsya mu Єgiptі.

Anafa poetesa 19 Lipnya 1913 vіtsі thanthwe pa 42 rokіv pa mіstі Suramі (Gruzіya) ".

Mwambi ake

The leitmotif wa zilandiridwenso ndi moyo wonse Mwambi Lesia Ukrainka zotheka kuganizira mawu ake:

"Ni, ine ndikufuna krіz slozi smіyatis,

Seredi ikuthamangira spіvati pisni,

Popanda koma spodіvatis of Hope,

Zhiti mukufuna! Kutuluka Dumi sumnі! "

yonena ake ndi chidwi ndi zodabwitsa

Owerenga chidwi kulenga wolemba kapena ndakatulo, kuwerenga mbiri boma ndikufuna kumudziwa, akufuna pa moyo wa magawo kuti fano awo adzaonekera kukuwalira zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Pano pali mfundo chidwi ku nkhani yonena za Lesya Ukrainka.

Malinga connoisseurs moyo wake ndi ntchito, wolemba ndakatulo ankakonda "kuhovarit". Iye yophika yotentha sitiroberi ndi chitumbuwa kupanikizana. Ndipo kamodzi anabweretsa anabzala matchire awiri dogwood. Iwo akadali kubala zipatso. Koma awo zipatso kupanikizana chithupsa tsopano antchito cha nyumbayi m'mudzi Kolodyazhni.

Malinga ndi abale ake, munthawi ya lucidity, pamene apite kwa matendawa, iye anaphika mandimu mazurkas zodabwitsa.

Pakhala ndi kumangika chopweteka mu miyezi ingapo, nthawi pamene Les chifukwa matenda sankakhoza ngakhale kudzuka pabedi. Koma iye sanataye mtima, kumizidwa mu zilandiridwenso, kukhala talente awo.

chibwenzi chake ndi amuna - yowala, wodzipereka ndi modabwitsa wokongola - woyenera bukhu. chikondi chake choyamba kwenikweni kumene anamupeza Lesya zaka 15, anali limakhulupirira Slavinskiy (zaka 18). chikondi Zimenezi zimaonekera ntchito yake, koma ubale sanali yaitali.

A bala opweteka mtima ake anachoka mu 1897. Nestor Gambarashvili wamng'ono ophunzira Chijojiya kumakhala mu Kosachev. Iwo kuphunzitsidwa chinenero wina ndi mnzake: amachikonda - French, anachita - Chijojiya. Pamene Nestor anakwatira wina, Lesia kakasi ankadziwa Palibe malire. Patapita zaka 45, munthu wokonda kale analira pa manda wa chikondi chake.

SERGEY Merzhinsky - munthu amene wasiya amaonekera kuya pa moyo wake. Iwo anakumana kumalo ena achisangalalo ndipo mwamsanga anapeza chinenero, ngakhale kuti Les ndiye ankaona ngati hellish ululu kuti nthawi zina anakakamizika kusiya pa benchi kwa nthawi yaitali kuti mukhale bata.

Iye sadatha kumuyankha pa kubwerera, monga ankakhulupirira moona mtima kuti chifukwa cha matenda ake ndi katundu kwa wokondedwa. Iye anazindikira kuti zidzakhala chabe bwenzi.

Koma matenda wakantha Merzhinsky. The ndalama kwambiri kudwala, Les kufuna kuchiritsa wokondedwa ndi ntchito pa tsiku lake bedi ndi usiku. Komabe, mwaoneka mawonekedwe a chifuwa chachikulu patsogolo, ndi Sergei akadzafera mu manja ake. Les muyaya kusunga chikondi kwa iye. Kuyambira tsopano, iye amavala zovala yekha wakuda.

Patatha zaka zisanu kuwerenga mabuku, amakumana Klimentom Kvitkoy, woimba wotchuka ndi folklorist. Mu mtima mwake iye anapitiriza kukhala Merzhinsky, koma iye amavomereza kupereka Kvitki. ukwati wawo unatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi ndipo umatha ndi imfa ya ndakatulo iyi.

Akuti Clement Lesya anakonda kuti nthawi kugulitsa chuma, katundu ndalama kupereka mankhwala ake. Iye anali konse kukhululukira chisamaliro oyambirira a mkazi wake. Atamwalira Kvitka anakhala zaka makumi anayi, kuvutika ndi kumakunenani ake chifukwa chimene iye anali anamusiya.

Wambiri ya Lesya Ukrainka (komanso ntchito yake) - yowala, luso, zosaiŵalika. A mndandanda wa amasangalatsa ndi zowawa za kudzoza ndakatulo ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi matenda, zomwe wakwaniritsa kulenga ndi kukhumudwa maganizo, kupeza mwauzimu ndi imfa ya chikondi. Imodzi mwa ndakatulo zabwino ndi olemba Ukraine, izo anakumbukira osati chifukwa cha ntchito yake waluntha, koma chosafa chokhumba chake kuti ndi moyo ndi chikondi.