"Tulip" dongosolo. 2S4 "Tulip" (240 mm) - ndi kudzikonda injini matope chomera

Pa Nkhondo m'ziwawa, ndi ntchito kutsogolo kupulumutsa kunyanyala wamphamvu moto adani ntchito zosiyanasiyana zida ndi zida zankhondo njira. Makamaka kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwa kuchititsa kuwonongeka pazipita ngati kuukira pa lokonzedwa bwino chitetezo mzere. Yowotcha za mfuti, cholinga kuchita ataliatali pamwamba pa ndege nthaka ndi njira yodutsamo mosabisa za projectile zambiri sizithandiza. Anamubisa mobisa mpanda ndiotetezedwa, kuti awawononge zimatengera mpira wabwino kuchokera pamwamba. Nthawi zina likukhalira kukhala achabechabe, ngakhale lalikulu chiwonongeko ndi zinthu ikukhudzana ngakhale dongosolo la ananyoza moto.

"Tulip"

Photos of matope wololera injini inadutsa pa malo ndi masamba a mabuku mogwirizana ndi zochitika zomvetsa chisoni mu East a Ukraine. Kumenyana Minister Valery Geleta, kuyendera Poland, anati pali kuti "atsopano" chida anayikidwa pa kutaya wa militias wa liyambire kum'mawa mayeso mu nkhondowo weniweni. Mwakucimbidza tisaiwale kuti matope kudziletsa injini ayi mawu otsiriza a Russian patsogolo asilikali ndi luso, amatengedwa mwa kupanga kwa anayi zapitazo. Kodi ndi asilikali dongosolo "tulip"? chithandizo asilikali kwa "mnansi kumpoto" pa chilichonse. Malinga ndi ndodo onse DNI (koma awiri okha ndi) unsembe anagwidwa pa kumenyana ndi mdani, APU, munthu pansi mtsuko Big, ndi ena Ilovaiskaya kukatentha. Koma chisokonezo ndi kwambiri pamene iwo anali kuwatumiza kwa mankhwala zamatsenga ndi zida ngakhale nyukiliya kuti akhoza kuwombera Zimamveka kudziletsa injini matope. zochitika zina kuti si anatsimikizira mantha zoipitsitsa Chiyukireniya likulu ATO. Komabe, funso n'lakuti ngati malo anali kuganiza kuti n'zotheka ntchito militias zida zoopsa, ndipo kodi kachitidwe "tulip"? Kodi loopsa? zimene mungachite chiyani? zolinga chomwe chinalengedwa ndi liti? Kodi chiwonongeko kuti atha kubala, mwa kulankhula kwina, kodi mwatsatanetsatane ndi luso deta? Chifukwa kutchulidwa kawirikawiri mu atolankhani a mtundu umenewu chida ayenera akweze chophimba mwachinsinsi kumbuyo amene ali wobisika dongosolo zida zankhondo "Tulip".

Kusinthasintha mu mzere chipani

Mbiri ya positi-nkhondo chitukuko cha zida zankhondo kudziletsa injini dongosolo Soviet ladzala ndi sewero, ndipo ndi osangalatsa kwambiri. Pambuyo yojambula chidwi ya Soviet luso mzinga, chilengedwe cha intercontinental ballistic onyamula ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ilili choyamba mu utsogoleri dziko mu nkhope ya Mlembi Choyamba Komiti chapakati cha CPSU , NS Khrushchev anatuluka m'mbali kuti mfuti kuwombera projectiles - ". Stone Age" umunthu wa dzulo, Atakhala mtsogoleri chipani anayesera kukangana koma anapatsidwa mtima lakuthwa, kulipanga ilo koma mwamantha, zimene zinachititsa kuti chiwonongeko pafupifupi lathunthu la Soviet Union zida zankhondo chishango popanda makamu mdani. "Mu Mpeni" anali onse mfuti lalikulu-likungosonyeza, ndipo ngakhale Nkhondo limene iwo anaikidwa. Koma panali zochitika ... Mwachitsanzo, pankhondo CB B. Shavyrina cholinga M-240 240 mamilimita mortars, amene mu 1951 analowa zino. The moto amupatse pa mtunda wa makilomita 8, ndi spetszaryadom mpaka 9.7 Km. Mina (projectile ndi zipsepse) kulemedwa makilogalamu 130, izo zimalowa mbiya breech, ngati mfuti. kupanda pake wake kungoganiza kwachititsa kuti kutsekedwa kupanga mu 1958.

Pambuyo kuchotsedwa kwa malo "Mlembi General, wantchito chozizwitsa," utsogoleri watsopano wabwerera ku lingaliro kulenga lalikulu-likungosonyeza zida zankhondo nkhondowo magalimoto. Tinatengera mbiri ya zaka nkhondo maganizo nyemba. Pankhondo ano, SU 100 ndi SU 152 akanasonyeza yekha kusapeŵeka kwa kupanda pake amphumphu obsolescence.

Nthawiyi, Ankhondo US ku Vietnam anagwiritsa ntchito M-109 howitzer munda, kuchititsa ngozi yoopsa kwa asilikali việt Cong. Kuwombera kugulitsidwa pa US Zachuma zamalata zambiri airstrike kapena chida salvo, ndi chifukwa si otsika.

Kulengedwa amasinthira chinkhoswe mu zida zankhondo, anapatsidwa ntchito yomweyo pa chisankho cha Committee ku Central ndi Bungwe la nduna pa chitukuko cha latsopano machitidwe kudziletsa injini zida zankhondo. Mu zaka zao za sikisite mochedwa wa Kharkov thalakitala-thanki fakitale anali posachedwapa kuyamba kupanga 2C2 "Carnation" 122mm, Volgograd kuchita 122-millimeter "Violet" ndi Urals ndi, anapezeka ndi zitsanzo ziwiri. Iwo anakhala "mthethe" (kudziletsa injini howitzer 152mm) ndi matope dongosolo "tulip". Amenewo ndiwo maluwa.

Mavuto ndi galimotoyo

Atilandire pa chitukuko cha chitsanzo wapadera nthawi, ndodo KB, kutsogozedwa ndi Yuriem Tomashovym, nawo akanakhala ndi mmene mavuto ambiri adzalimbana nawo. Komabe, pa Perm Machine Nyumba Bzalani dzina la VI Lenin (tsopano "MZ"), iwo sanali mantha ndi mavuto, ndi zonse anathana ntchito zonse zovuta, ndipo panali anthu ambiri. Akusonyeza za pothana ndi luso la akatswiri a Soviet kunena zikalata makumi kukopera zopezera zochita za polojekiti 2S4 "Tulip".

The bottlenecks waukulu awiri: kwambiri a dongosolo kulemera ndi akadzabweranso n'kale lonse matope. Inamva galimoto, yomwe cholinga ntchito, anali osakwanira yonyamula mphamvu, izo ankanyamula matani 21.4 (amenenso kwambiri). "Tulip" dongosolo Komabe, chimalemera oposa twente-seveni. State lonse makampani chitetezo co-ntchito zathandiza kuti vutoli. CB "Transmash" kale anali ndi galimoto chifukwa RK Launcher "Circle" imene anagwiritsa ntchito, kupanga zofunika kusintha structural. Kuchotsa injini 400 ndiyamphamvu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri (520 HP) kuthetsedwa vuto la kukula liwiro ndi utumiki moyo 3,000 5,000 km), chifukwa moto "Tulip" machitidwe akhala nkhondo yeniyeni, kusuntha ndi mofulumira kuposa launchers roketi. Iwe sungakhoze kutsutsana kuti galimotoyo anapita KB Yu Tomashov watha, izo zinkayenera kuti kwambiri kusinthidwa ndi kuchotsa 80% mbali inamva m'munsi, koma phindu kwa mgwirizano ndi subcontractors ndi wosatsutsika.

Ndi kubwerera!

Pa mayeso, woyamba experimental zinachitika poyeserapo "Rzhevka" zipolopolo ziwiri mokweza linalira. Wachitatu. Chifukwa - lolemera ntchito zazikulu yoweyula kuti analenga dongosolo la "tulip". Super odalirika ndi wapamwamba-lolimba makina ankhondo inawonongeka ndi kubwerera kuponya mpweya. Thandizo mbale ili pa nyumba ya, losweka, ndi akasinja mafuta ankangodzigwera ngati pepala. Nkhonyayo anakwiyanso kwambiri, unali pafupifupi matani 450. tikhoza kutenga izo pa dziko lokha, choncho lingaliro la motsindika chimango makina anayenera adzasiyidwa. zochotsa wapadera ndi kutsitsa wagawo ndi galimoto hayidiroliki udaikidwa, kuika mbiya mu malo mfuti.

Choncho khama linapindula. Pa mayesero pa malo pafupi Kaliningrad amphamvu kwambiri howitzer Cannon 152 mamilimita likungosonyeza sanathe amavutitsa kwambiri kwa pillboxes konkire, pamene kugunda awo poyamba anawononga dongosolo la "tulip". Zida, kutsimikizira nchito zake ndiponso kudalirika atha kulowa kuŵeta. Mu 1969, magazini zitatu zinamangidwa, ndi chitsanzo mwalamulo anatengera kwa zaka ziwiri.

thunthu

Kupitiriza - wabwino kwa zida zonse. Okhwima luso ndi kutsimikiziridwa deta luso Ufumuyo chitsanzo kudalirika kuthetsa zodabwitsa zosafunika pa ntchito. Ballistics ndi makhalidwe dongosolo la mbiya moto "Tulip" kwathunthu kutsatira makhalidwe a mankhwala M-240, anayamba m'chaka penultimate la nkhondo pansi pa utsogoleri wa N. Kalachnikova ndi S. N. Dernova, mu utumiki mu 1958. Perm Machine SKB wakhazikitsa towed "phindu matope" amene sakhoza kusuntha paokha (chofunika thalakitala), koma anali mkulu mlingo wa firepower. Iye anapatsa kwa breech, amene anali ngati chipata khola-mmwamba. Pamene mu 1967 anayamba angagwiritse dongosolo, "Tulip", chida analandira galimotoyo yake ndi mayunitsi ena ambiri, chopatsa changwiro choposa, komanso kufunika chathandiza (mpaka rubles 200 zikwi Soviet).

The zinachitika anali mu Russian ophweka koma odalirika ndi zolondola, komanso mogwirizana ndi miyambo dziko. Angadzachite chipangizo yomanga asowa makinawa anali okonzeka ndi limagwirira wononga aiming, mivi kwa kutengerapo udindo yowotcha, shvornevoy mphamvu, compensators, mbale m'munsi (kwa iye, mu mapeto, ndipo amayenera kubwerera), komanso kuona. Ngakhale ndiye moto zingachititse ndi makilomita asanu ndi atatu, ndipo mu 1953 mtunda izi zochepa 9.7 Km likuvutika losatha wapadera nthenga projectile.

Thunthu matope waukulu ndi machitidwe cholowa, "Tulip", amawatenga Union Army inayamba mu 1971.

Special zipolopolo "Daredevil"

Mphamvu yowononga zida izi ndi wapadera pakati mortars. Pakuti potsegula ankafuna limagwirira wapadera. Nyuzi amene kuphulika amalenga projectile mfuti 2C4 "tulip" yolemera makilogalamu 130 kuphulika ali ndi awiri a mamita 10. Mlandu mwachizolowezi wapangidwa mapaundi awiri TNT. Ichi ndi wamphamvu, koma kupatula kuti, pa kugonjetsedwa bwino chandamale chofunika ndi olondola. Kusintha pamafunika wapadera dongosolo malangizo, amene amathandiza mwayi mu ndege uphungu. Anatengera mu 1982, izo Analeredwa makamaka molondola "Daredevil" (1K113) ndi misa yocheperako mlandu (69 kg), koma zida ndi asanu ndi atatu mbali olimba-roketi thrusters. Izi zida wapadera, umene uli wosakanizidwa wa chipolopolo zida zankhondo, ndi chida amalamulira yake wagawo, ndi Cholozera rangefinder. malangizo kudzudzulidwa ikuchitika ndi chiwalitsiro ndi laser mtengo. zida ntchito nthawi masekondi atatu, kuti sasiya mwayi uliwonse kupulumuka mdani ngakhale makina kwambiri zipangizo zambiri zamakono angathe nkhondo zamakono ndi kulangiza kulowelela mu atomu.

zina mabomba

"Daredevil" cholinga chake choyambirira anali projectile cholinga kuukira magalimoto oti muli nazo zida. Sanaleke ntchito mu ntchito zina, monga kumenya munthu, umene anagula zofunika kwambiri pa nkhondo Afghanistan. Maonekedwe chida sankadziwika kugulu, zoyenera kuchita, kachitidwe "Tulip" - usilikali. Photo wa chimadalira yochepa ya Soviet Army asilikali ndi alonda anafuna kusangalatsa okha pa maziko a matope yaikulu, ndi zokayikitsa m'munda wa kufufuza zifukwa mwachinsinsi. Nzosadabwitsa izo sizinali. Ntchito mtundu wa chida sichinalengezedwe. Nkhokwe zipolopolo, sipangakhalenso mlandu matope 2S4 "Tulip" osiyanasiyana. Kabotolo milandu kuperekedwa limodzi "nyamazi" mu kuphulika amene anabalalika mkulu-zachiwawa zinthu ZOF16 ndi incendiary "Sajda" angathe napalm kufukiza zamoyo zonse malo pafupifupi 8000 mamita lalikulu. m.

Koma popanda mlandu mwachizolowezi, zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wapadera. Mwachitsanzo, mwatsatanetsatane wanga mphamvu za nyukiliya ku kilotons awiri (3VB4) kapena nyutironi ( "chophimba" kapena "utomoni"). About munitions mankhwala Sizikudziwika, koma osiyanasiyana ntchito kunkhondo ku dongosolo yobereka yogwira-ndege kuti makilomita zikwi khumi zikusonyeza kuti zimenezi zingathe.

Chabwino n'chiti: "Tulip" kapena MRL?

Kupulumutsa kunyanyala chachikulu kumenyana ndi adani nthawi nkhondo padziko lonse wa zaka zaposachedwapa m'mayiko ambiri, nthawi zambiri ntchito MLRS "Grad" BM 21. Choncho, ambiri ubwino, kuphatikizapo mtengo wotsika, kuphweka, kudalirika ndi lalikulu zowononga mphamvu ya sangathe, koma lalikulu Ikani opaleshoni kuponya "Grad" sindingakhoze. zipolopolo zake ndi osamvera, palibe zipangizo malangizo a zinalengedwera satero, koma ambiri si dongosolo lino analengedwa. Ngati mukufuna kugunda likulu, malo aya kapena ina ing'onoing'ono chinthu, ndi bwino kulimbana ndi ntchito matope "Tulip". angapo Launch roketi dongosolo ntchito pa malo, zipolopolo zake "akhungu". Kuyerekeza njira ziwiri kwa chimodzi ndi chomwecho moto yimitsira ntchito akhoza umaimiridwa ndi lupanga ndi lupanga. Aliyense wa mitundu ya zida bladed zina pamafunika koma aliyense wa iwo - nthawi yawo.

Pa mlingo chomwecho, "Tulip" si chochepa kwa zing'wenyeng'wenye woterowo misa lalikulu la zipolopolo, kuwombera imodzi yokha, yomwe ndi kasanu mofulumira kuposa zinachitika M-240. Izi zimatheka kupyolera wapadera makina adzapereke limagwirira, kungoti Yu Tomaszów.

Nthawi kumene mzinga yaikulu yokonza zida zankhondo, n'zovuta ntchito zida zimenezi chipangizo monga "tulip". angapo roketi launchers "mphepo yamkuntho" (kapena "Castle") udzakhala wogwira mtima, ndi osiyanasiyana (mpaka 40 km), ndipo chiwerengero operekedwa wagawo zipolopolo nthawi.

Afghanistan

Pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, utsogoleri asilikali sizinayende anayamikira angathe chida ichi. Pakati pa zifukwa cholinga ichi zikuphatikizapo alibe luso chizolowezi ndi kuwombera mu mapiri, pamene kuchuluka kwa mfundo ndi mfuti ndi mipherezero osiyana kwambiri. Ndinafunika kuphunzira m'kupita kwa nkhondoyi. Komanso, ankaona kuti ngati nkhondo zikuluzikulu sadzatero, ndipo asilikali posachedwa, pambuyo thandizo mwachidule komanso zothandiza kuti abwerere ku USSR. Panali mavuto ndi kayendedwe miyala msewu makina osauka lamphamvu kwambiri, dongosolo "Tulip". mtondo Komabe, anali mu ankafuna pa nthawi. Mfuti 588 chopangidwa pamaso 1988, nkhondo Afghanstan, kulalikira 120 mayunitsi njira imeneyi. Ntchito makamaka ochiritsira mkulu-zachiwawa zipolopolo kugawikana, koma nthawi zina, pa chofunika mkulu molondola kugonjetsedwa zida zankhondo anagwiritsa ntchito "Braves" laser kudzudzulidwa, Mwina kukumenya mwachindunji atatu-mita cholinga yomwe ibwela 90%. Yapadera kufunika dongosolo "tulip" anagula mu kumenya mipanda yolimba kwambiri m'madera okonzeka ndi pa nyumba kapena chiwonongeko cha misasa migodi m'mapanga. Iwo anali ndi mtengo wa kulunjika m'deralo. Nkhani yaikulu ntchito detachments a magulu odana ndi boma yomanga mpanda wolimba kwambiri mu Afghanistan anali argillaceous miyala mwala zofewa moti anamiza ndi 122 mm howitzer zipolopolo, zimene sizinalembedwa wosweka ndi moyenera, sanali amavutitsa kwambiri zokometsera. Art. dongosolo "Tulip" wapangadi ake 240-millimeter 130 kilogalamu wanga chiwonongeko amphamvu kwambiri. Ndipo Mukaganizira kuti mphamvu zambiri pamodzi ndi lolondola mkulu wa moto, phindu la zida zikuwoneka kukhala wololera ndithu. Afghanistan zinalili poyamba ntchito zake nkhondo. Koma, mwatsoka, osati otsiriza.

Chechnya ndi yokopa ankhondo

Pakati pa nkhondo dera chimene chinayamba mu Soviet Union chakachi kugwa kwake, ndi owopsa kwa boma Russian ndi zinthu anali ndi Chechen nkhondo. Iwo anayamba zoipa kwambiri, ndipo kunachitidwa ndi ntchito pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya zida, popanda kutsatira zonse aliyense wa Kugwirizana. Ndipo anachita propaganda nkhondo. Pambuyo pa chiwonongeko cha nyumba yake Dzhokhar Dudayev amawanena asilikali boma mu ntchito zida za nyukiliya. Ndipotu, ndithudi, palibe mabomba a atomiki ndi Russian Army si bwererani. Nyumba yachifumu zipolopolo dongosolo "Tulip". Photos ya mabwinja Komabe, zikhoza kukhala pa wina propaganda Tambasula fanizo la Baibulo izi zichitike. Mina anaswa denga pansi apansi onse ndi chakumene, wobala kubangula zoyipa m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba.

Pa wachiwiri Chechen msonkhano, ndi zida mwatsatanetsatane anagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ambiri. 2S4 "Tulip" kwa miyezi iwiri yoyambirira ya mdani zipolopolo zoposa zikwi mphindi, kuphatikizapo 60 laser-kudzudzulidwa ndi 40 limodzi.

Zida zankhondo ndi dongosolo matope "Tulip" ndi wapadera, izo ziribe analogues mu dziko la zochitika asilikali. Zinthu zimenezi anayesa kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse kulenga America, koma ntchito posachedwapa, "ndayima kaye" pambuyo akatswiri nawo angapo a mavuto, ndipo pambuyo kugonja Germany, anthu Pentagon wataya chidwi pofuna kukwaniritsa gulu la mtondo kudziletsa injini katundu.

The "Tulip" zoona, kuipa. makina n'kwakukulu, m'buku lake ndi m'malo pokhapo titachitapo kuyambira unyinji wa zida ndi mkulu. Adalira, wopangidwa mwa anthu asanu ku mwambo kuwombana ndi ophunzitsidwa bwino ndi zida odana ndi zonyoza zimayenda gulu zikutanthauza mdani adzakhala movutikira. Akatswiri kuona ochepa ogwira osiyanasiyana (zosakwana 10 kuchokera kwa zipolopolo ochiritsira mpaka makumi awiri yogwira-zotakasika), zomwe worsens zikhalidwe za ntchito spetszaryadov (amene sanabadwe chinachitika mu moyo weniweni).

Chabwino, izo sizinali zovuta za sayansi. Ndipo pambali, "Tulip" si opangidwa kuchokera 1988.