Magwero zina mphamvu mu Belarus. chuma mafuta mphamvu Belarus

Vuto la kukula kwa kuchepekedwa mphamvu lero pa mlingo wa vuto la kusintha kwa nyengo, monga mukudziwa, mbiri ya anthu - ndi nkhani ya kulimbana kwa mphamvu. N'chimodzimodzinso m'zaka XXI (mwachitsanzo, nkhondo mu Middle East mafuta). Koma pali njira yabwino kuthetsa vuto la wosaperewera kukula kwa mphamvu zogwirira - njira zopangira magetsi. Mu Belarus, nkhani imeneyi ndi apakhungu kwambiri ndi ntchito kunja ndi akuluakulu onse.

Zongowonjezwdwa mphamvu mu Belarus

Terminology wa United Nations (UN) cholengedwa "mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa" ndi magwero ake. Pakuti magwero mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zimachitika dzuwa, misa mpweya, madzi, kutenthetsa dziko lapansi mkati, zotsalira zazomera, nkhuni, peat.

Popeza Belarus kupatsidwa mphamvu yake ochiritsira ndi osachepera 20%, ndithudi, pali kufunika M'zinthu zimenezi, kuti mwanjira zoperewerazo kuchepa kwa mphamvu m'banja.

Pakali pano, nkhani zopangira magetsi zongowonjezwdwa (res) Sichikupezeka dziko ndi mavuto mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko monga Germany, Sweden, France (mayiko oposa makumi awiri), adalenga mayiko Dzuwa Energy Society.

Akatswiri ukuonetsa kuti ndi 2040 dziko mphamvu kupanga amene sanali ochiritsira zopangira magetsi zongowonjezwdwa adzakhala mlandu 82 peresenti ya mowa mphamvu mu dziko. azimuth Global anathandiza chakuti atsopano (zina) magwero a mphamvu mu Belarus komanso yapangidwa.

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ambiri abwino dzuwa mphamvu mu dziko, monga oposa theka la chaka, mwina nyengo mitambo zimawonedwa mmenemo, ndi masiku chimodzi chokha zana ndi makumi asanu (pafupifupi) - overcast. Ambiri nyale Mwachangu anati mu nthawi kuchokera April kuti September.

Njira magwero a mphamvu - izi ...

Pa anthu chimatanthauza magwero a sanali kuipitsa, monga mmene zimakhalira ndi ntchito za anthu odziwika bwino ndi otchuka lero mphamvu: mafuta, malasha, mafuta nyukiliya.

Choyamba, dzuwa, mphepo. Dzuwa - yodalirika ndi Eco-wochezeka gwero la mphamvu, chifukwa nyenyezi wathu pali ambiri zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. mphamvu yake kudziunjikira zipangizo otchedwa mapanelo dzuwa.

Mphepo monga gwero mphamvu ntchito ndithu ambiri, choncho n'kwabwino kwambiri. mphepo anagawira makamaka m'mayiko mu chakale mphamvu zochepa ndipo akuyitanira chilengedwe zotsukira. Mayiko amenewa monga Belarus.

Zofunikira udindo ankaimba ndi nkhokwe yaikulu ya matabwa mu dziko, mtengo umene uli kanayi zosakwana katundu wa chimasanduka.

Belarus ndi mafuta ndi mphamvu yake zovuta

Mphamvu ya Belarus (FEC) si mu kuchuluka bwino chuma chake mphamvu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, boma wopereka mfundo kusamala mphamvu, monga mmene akufotokozera pa chitukuko cha onse mphamvu m'dera ndi mphamvu zina.

Mphamvu yang'anira ndi Utumiki wa Mphamvu ya Belarus. (Adapanga kumapeto kwa 2002) ndi wachinyamata kasamalidwe thupi dziko. Panthawi imeneyi, chandamale boma pulogalamu umalimbana chikusintha dzuwa la gawo mphamvu za dziko anatengedwa ndi zomwe zagwiridwa kale.

Monga Energy nduna ya Belarus Vladimir Potupchik anati mu 2014 mabwalo chaka kupulumutsa oposa $ 200 miliyoni chifukwa kuchepetsa mafuta a mphamvu, mlandu 70% ndalama mphamvu.

Mu nthawi yochepa, Utumiki wa Mphamvu ya Belarus akufuna kuti adzagwire ntchito yofunika - chilengedwe cha chimango atsopano kotheratu kwa chitukuko cha mafuta ndi mphamvu zovuta, kothandiza ndiponso zachilengedwe cholandirika Masiku ano. mapulani Izi zinalembedwa "Malangizo kwa ndondomeko mphamvu ya Republic of Belarus kwa nthawi mpaka 2020".

Makamaka, chikalatacho envisages mfundo zotsatirazi ntchito ya mafuta ndi mphamvu zovuta:

• kulimbikitsa kusamala mphamvu;
• chilengedwe waubwenzi;
• kulimbikitsa kafukufuku magwero njira mphamvu ndi kukhazikitsa zotsatira zake;
• chitukuko cha mphamvu chochepa;

mphamvu RB

Mafuta ndi mphamvu chuma Belarus si zosiyanasiyana kwambiri: zikuphatikizapo peat (mafuta), mafuta ndi mpweya (kugwirizana), matabwa ndi zina zopezeka zoposa zisanu ndi zinayi zikwi za madipoziti peat mu Republic .. Panopa ntchito kokha kotala ya nkhokwe kutsimikiziridwa wa mafuta.

Popeza kuti gawo mkango wa miyala ya peat ndi m'madera pansi ulimi kapena zoteteza chilengedwe, kupanga ntchito kwambiri madipoziti zenizeni.

Miyala ya mafuta ndi gasi kugwirizana likupezeka mu Pripyat ufa. M'minda anali anapeza mu 1956. M'zigawo za chuma wakhala nkhawa "Belneftekhim". Komabe, malinga ndi akatswiri, minda izi udzakhala wokwanira kwa zaka 30-35. Komabe, kuganizira chiyembekezo kupanga mafuta ndi mpweya mu Orsha ndi Brest matendawa, koma ndi mokwanira akutali.

nkhalango chuma amalola Belarus kuchititsa nkhuni centralized ndi zinyalala matabwa. Koma mabuku a chuma ang'onoang'ono kwambiri motero kuti lamulo mphamvu ya mabwalo a operekedwa zosakwana 15%. zina wapangidwa ndi mphamvu kunja, zomwe zimachititsa chuma Chibelarusi ali pachiopsezo kwambiri. Zikatere izo amakakamizidwa osati kutsatira mode mphamvu yopulumutsa, komanso molimba kuyang'ana zotheka magwero mphamvu zina.

mphamvu zina

mphamvu zina anaonekera kale kwambiri kuposa za zitsulo lake anakakamizika kulikonse kulankhula. Anthu, kuphatikizapo Belarusians, pogwiritsa ntchito dzuwa mphamvu, mphamvu madzi, mphepo zosowa zawo mphamvu-tima wa zaka zoposa mazana awiri zapitazo. Koma zinthu zimenezi si ankaona kuti chinthu chinachake chapadera. Anthu kukhala mogwirizana wangwiro ndi chikhalidwe, popanda kusokoneza bwino ake. Ntchito malasha anali mwachibadwa mphamvu mphepo, madzi mphero, macheka kudula mitengo, kuomba mbewu ndi ngakhale kwa kupanga nsalu.

Belarus wakhala anayambitsa kupanga "makina oyendera mphepo" ndi "vodyakov", chomwe chingathe kukhala n'kupuma ndi mafoni. Sanafune m'madamu chapadera, kuti si zoipa chilengedwe. A "mphepo turbines" akhoza adzaikidwa kulikonse, koma panali mphepo. magwero mphamvu, ngakhale anali ndi "katundu" a Belarus, yomwe ogula anali Russia ndi Ukraine.

Modern Belarus zopangira magetsi zina cabe dazeni yaing'ono opangira magetsi mphamvu okwerera (GES). Asayansi Chibelarusi nawo ndi nthawi Soviet Union mphepo magetsi (mphepo turbines), choncho chilichonse mpikisano ndi sanalengedwe. Umboni wa zimenezi atha kutumikira ngati "Vetromash" Zaslavl kumene mphepo turbines amaoneka ngati chitukuko kumadzulo theka zapitazo, kuyambira kalekale anthu akhala chakale.

Nthawiyi, mphamvu zina pansi zoletsa zina ndi boma: ndi August 19, 2015 by lamulo la mutsogoleli wa Belarus chinanena machitidwe kuumba ndi magwero mphamvu zina. Zoletsa zokhudza okwana zomera magetsi m'gawo la Belarus. mchikhalidwe The ntchito kwa anthu onse amene akufuna kuchita mphamvu zina, kuphatikizapo makampani akunja.

Chibelarusi madzi mphamvu

Kusintha zinthu mu mafuta ndi mphamvu zovuta a Belarus (kukwera mtengo kwa mafuta okumba pansi, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, anakakamizika boma kutenga kudzipereka ena kuchepetsa mpweya zoipa, ndi ena.) Zinachititsa pakufunika asinthe maganizo a makampani zikuluzikulu za bwino mphamvu ya dziko. Limodzi mwa madera amenewa anali hydropower. Mu Belarus, monga mukudziwa, ali Dnipro Mtsinje, Western Dvina ndi Neman. Iwo ikuyenda mwa chigwa, koma m'madera ena atazunguliridwa ndi mabanki mkulu ndipo ali pamakomo. Zonsezi limodzi ndi kumanga magetsi, zomwe zilipo lero kuchepa kwa mafuta, malasha, gasi amapereka mwayi zofunika kuchepetsa izo. mphamvu zina anabwera patsogolo gawo mphamvu Belarus.

Pa mfundo imeneyi, nduna ya Atumiki a Belarus anavomereza pulogalamu boma yomanga za magetsi. Malinga ndi chikalata ichi, izo zinakonzedwa kumanga opangira magetsi siteshoni mphamvu pa Neman (pamwamba ndi pansi mzinda wa Grodno), Western Dvina (Verkhnedvinsk, Beshenkovichi, Vitebsk ndi Polotsk).

Dnepr ndi slowest ya mtsinje, ankaona kuti amangire magetsi mu kukhota lomaliza. Ndi 2020, anaganiza yomanga anayi otsika mphamvu opangira magetsi zopangira magetsiwa, kuphatikizapo Orsha, Shklov, Mogilev ndi Rechitsa.

undeservedly aiwala

The Republic of Belarus chimachitika okwana mitsinje yaing'ono zoposa zikwi makumi awiri, utali umene ndi 90 zikwi. Km. Ndipo yaikulu angathe hydropower ntchito ndi% 3 yekha.

gwero Izi wayamba azolowere mu 50s lapansi. ang'ono opangira magetsi mphamvu okwerera anamangidwa ku dziko. Woyamba inamangidwa mu 1954 Osipovichi siteshoni opangira magetsi mphamvu pa mtsinje Svisloch. mphamvu anali 2,25 yekha MW. Mwa njira, iye akanali ntchito lerolino.

Komabe, 60 chaka TH wa hydropower yaing'ono wapita mmphepete mwa njira chifukwa zikamera kachitidwe mphamvu ya boma. Rural ogula wakhala anasamutsa dongosolo latsopano wamphamvu, ndipo kufunika kwa zomera ang'ono hydropower mbisoweka palokha.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, ambiri anamanga zomera ang'ono hydropower anali amene anapuma pantchito, monga mtengo wokwera kwambiri zinthu. Chifukwa, ndi mapeto a 80s mu Belarus pali asanu okha opangira magetsi siteshoni mphamvu amapangidwa m'chaka oposa 18 miliyoni kW.

Koma kenako moyo anatembenuka mphamvu hydropower yaing'ono (SHP). Pankhaniyi, awa zina zopangira magetsi mu Belarus anatsimikizira nkotheka kupeza, kubwezeretsa kale amene anapuma pantchito, komanso kudzera yomanga SHPP latsopano. Izo sikutanthauza osefukira a minda.

Ndi zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito malo ena madzi, osati mphamvu, cholinga akupezeka mitsinje yaing'ono. Apa n'koyenera yomanga HPPs ang'ono ndi mphamvu 6000 kW, pamene ulendo wake wobwerera ndalama ndi zaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Abale oimira "wobiriwira" kwaniritsa pakalibe katundu aliyense pa mbali ya HPPs ang'onoang'ono chilengedwe.

Akuluakulu Chibelarusi inakonzedwa ndi 2020 pawiri la munkalowa za magetsi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, chidwi ena pomanga zomera ang'ono hydropower mu dziko akuonetsa ndalama zakunja, amene kutenga 78,4% yomanga ndalama yaing'ono mphamvu.

Mphepo akupitiriza kutumikira munthu

Mphepo mphamvu Belarus kumathandiza kuti yankho la mavuto ambiri a magetsi zinthu yaing'ono mipata zolimba. Choncho funso ntchito mphamvu ya misa mpweya amakhalabe zogwirizana ndi mafuta ndi mphamvu zovuta la Republic.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, dziko Zavumbulutsidwa za 1840 malo kuika mphepo chopangira mphamvu kapena munda mphepo makhazikitsidwe. Izi zili choncho makamaka mapiri mpaka mamita 80, pamwamba pa zomwe liwiro mphepo ukufika mamita asanu kapena zambiri pa mphindi.

Pakali pano, kachitidwe zili Minsk, Grodno, Mogilev ndi Vitebsk zigawo. Amphamvu kwambiri mphepo chopangira mphamvu (1.5 MW) Grabniki akutumikira okhala m'mudzi (dera Hrodna). Novogrudok pakati chigawo m'dera lomweli amapereka windmill magetsi, m'manja mwa boma (yekhayo wa mtundu wake). Kuti izo zakonzedwa kukhazikitsa zisanu turbines mphepo.

Paki lonse zakonzedwa kuti amange mphepo turbines mu Luzhische, Oshmiany m'mudzi chigawo. Yomanga ikuchitika likuvutika ndalama ndipo adzapitiriza mpaka 2020.

Eco nyumba

lingaliro ili la anthu zikuphatikizapo dongosolo, magetsi yomwe ikuchitika yekha likuvutika magwero mphamvu zina.

mphamvu zina nyumba akhoza kuwapeza otaya dzuwa, mphepo, chifukwa cha yaying'ono hydro ndi zotsalira zazomera kubala biogas.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi chidwi makamaka kwa chilengedwe cha wochezeka kunyumba Komabe, zinthu zina kupanga kusinthidwa kwambiri pulani ya mwini chuma. Choyamba, ndalama: dzuwa okhometsa, unsembe, kasamalidwe ndi yokonza ndalama yokulirapo ndalama (dzuwa batire 3 kW panyumba pafupifupi ndalama zokwana mayuro 15 zikwi).

Koma ena chidwi ndi nyumba zomangidwa ndi njira lotchedwa "zomangamanga dzuwa". Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti nyumba ayenera kukhala denga m'dera la kum'mwera kwa omwe - osachepera 100 mamita ^2. Pankhaniyi, nyumba ayenera kukhala mu derali lili pa likulu la Belarus. Izi akukwana ndithu ngakhale malo Kutentha m'nyengo yozizira.

Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa ali sanapezeke mokwanira mu Belarus. Panthawi imeneyi, pa mfundo imeneyi, nyumba imodzi yokha inamangidwa - German Mayiko Education Centre. Pakali pano, ntchito yomanga maofesi amenewa akhoza kuchepetsa kumwa kutentha 80 kWh / mamita ² pa chaka.

Ntchito mphepo turbines amapereka nyumba mwayi womwewo wa ndi udindo wa Eco-wochezeka. Koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti Belarus pafupifupi mphepo sikukudziwika oposa 5 m / s ndipo ntchito yachibadwa kachitidwe kamakono amafuna liwiro 10 m / s. Kotero, molingana ndi akatswiri, mphepo chopangira mphamvu anaika mu dziko, pakuti idzabwedwa mphotho okha patapita zaka makumi anai.

Komabe, zonse imeneyi imagwira ntchito magetsi, koma mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa dzuwa mwina ntchito m'nyumba mwa mawonekedwe a heaters dzuwa madzi. dongosolo ndi othandiza kwambiri, sikudalira nyengo ndi nyengo. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngakhale pang'ono kutenthetsa chipinda. Pamwamba pa izo amadya zosakwana 45 Watts ndi ndalama 3.8 zikwi. Mumauro (kuphatikizapo unsembe). ulendo wake wobwerera ndalama si zaka zoposa zinayi.

Pomaliza

Mwatsoka, njira zopangira magetsi mu Belarus (osati kumeneko) lero ndi m'tsogolo sadzatha m'malo kwathunthu magwero mphamvu chikhalidwe.

dzuwa mphamvu sangathe chinthu choterocho pamlingo mafakitale chifukwa losavuta - osalimba otsika wa dzuwa mphamvu kamwazi. Popeza kuti Belarus ali chabe wachitatu wa chaka dzuwa anapezazo kusonyeza kuti oposa 30% ya dziko ayenera kupatsidwa dzuwa magetsi kukumana kufunika kwake magetsi. Koma ngakhale pansi chikhalidwe ichi siyenera kuti kuwerengetsera izi zinalengedwa kutenga nkhani ya dzuwa la malo ndi 100%. Ndipotu, lero chithunzi ichi waima pa cent teni mpaka fifitini pa.

Iwo likukhalira kuti kwenikweni, pansi pa dzuwa magetsi Pakufunika m'dera lonse la madera a Belarus ndi anansi ake limati. Mwa zina, ntchito yomanga ndi ntchito geliostantsy amafuna ngongole zambiri.

Ndi mmene zililinso ndi ntchito mphamvu mphepo, mitsinje, magwero geothermal.