Polyethylene - ndi chiyani ichi? Ntchito polyethylene

Pe ndi chiyani? ndi makhalidwe ake chiyani? Kodi kupanga polyethylene? Izi ndi mafunso ochititsa chidwi kwambiri kuti ayenera m'nkhani ino.

zambiri

Polyethylene - mankhwala mankhwala amene ali ndi unyolo wa maatomu mpweya, omwe chikugwirizana ndi tinthu awiri a haidrojini. Ngakhale pamaso pa zikuchokera chomwecho, koma pali awiri Mabaibulo. iwo amasiyana dongosolo awo ndipo, chotero, katundu. Woyamba ndi liniya unyolo imene mlingo wa polymerization kuposa index ya zikwi zisanu. Kapangidwe chachiwiri - nthambi ya 4-6 mpweya maatomu omwe amagwira ndi unyolo waukulu mwa njira wopondereza. Monga ndondomeko akamagwira polyethylene liniya? Izi zimatheka pogwiritsa ntchito catalysts wapadera, zomwe zimakhudza polyolefins pa kutentha zolimbitsa (mpaka madigiri 150 Celsius) ndi kukakamizidwa (20 atmospheres). Koma ndi chiyani icho? Ife tikudziwa mankhwala katundu, ndi zomwe ziri ndiye mwakuthupi?

Ndi chiyani icho?

Polyethylene - ndi polima thermoplastic, imene ndondomeko crystallization amachitidwa pa kutentha osachepera opanda 60 madigiri Celsius. Si chimaonekera mu nkhungu wosanjikiza si uyu wasambitsa ndi madzi, mankhwala ndiponso firiji si bwanji. Ngati kutentha kuposa madigiri 80 Celsius, ndi kutupa ikuchitika poyamba, ndiyeno kuvunda kwa chimasanduka onunkhira opangidwa kuchokera halogen. Polyethylene - mankhwala omwe kukamaomba njira chowawa chikoka zidulo, kuphatikizapo alkalis. Koma ngati kutentha kuposa madigiri 60 Celsius, izo mwamsanga ndithu kuphwanya nitric ndi zidulo sulfuric. Pakuti malonda kogwirizana Polyethylene iwo akhoza kukonzedwa oxidants, kenako ntchito zinthu zofunika.

Kodi kupanga polyethylene?

Chifukwa chaichi:

• Njira paipi (otsika kachulukidwe). Polyethylene analengedwa pa kuthamanga, amene ali osiyanasiyana kuchokera 1 000 kwa 3 000 atmospheres pa kutentha madigiri 180 Celsius. Monga momwe zochitika mpweya monga Mlengi ndi.
• Njira otsika kuthamanga (mkulu osalimba). Pankhaniyi, polyethylene analengedwa pa kufinya amene ali osachepera asanu atmospheres ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 80 Celsius ntchito zosungunulira organic ndi Ziegler-Natta catalysts.
• Ndipo mosiyana ndi liniya kupanga polyethylene adzizungulira, anatchula pamwamba. Ndi wapakatikati pakati pa mfundo yoyamba ndi yachiwiri.

Tikumbukenso kuti si njira zamakono kokha kuti ntchito. Choncho, zachilendo ndipo kwambiri ndi ntchito catalysts metallocene. Tanthauzo la njira imeneyi ndiye kuti mwa kukwaniritsa kulemera ndithu polima, chotero kuwonjezera mphamvu ya mankhwala. Malinga mtundu wa kapangidwe ndi katundu ndi zofunika pamene ntchito monomer, ndi ntchito kusankha njira phwando. Komanso angachite zofunika limatsogolera kutentha, durability, kuuma ndi osalimba.

N'chifukwa chiyani pali kusiyana amphamvu?

Chifukwa chachikulu kusiyana katundu - izo nthambi macromolecules. Choncho, ikuluikulu ndi, m'munsi ndi apamwamba crystallinity polima elasticity. Kodi zimenezi n'zofunika? chakuti katundu makina a polyethylene ndi kukula pamodzi ndi osalimba ake ndi kulemera maselo. Tiyeni tionenso mwachidule. Pepala polyethylene ali chinthu chimodzimodzi ndithu ndi chilungamo. Koma ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito otsika kachulukidwe njira, ulusi chifukwa adzakhala ndi kusinthasintha ndi zabwino ndipo aone wachibale mu izo. N'chifukwa chiyani opangidwa ngati osiyanasiyana kumeneku? Chifukwa cha kusiyana zikhalidwe opaleshoni. Mwachitsanzo, polyethylene uzigwirizana ndi katundu mantha. Iye amalola chisanu. The opaleshoni kutentha osiyanasiyana nkhaniyi - kuchokera -70 kuti +60 Celsius. Ngakhale masitampu munthu ndinazolowera chifukwa masinthidwe amtundu yosiyana - ndipo kuchokera -120 kuti +100. Izi zimakhudza osalimba a polyethylene ndi matabwa ake pa mlingo maselo.

The kulunjika zakuthupi

Tikumbukenso drawback chimodzi - kukalamba mofulumira polyethylene. Koma ichi mosavuta kukonza. Kuchuluka moyo utumiki zimatheka ndi zina zapadera, antioxidants, mu ntchito zimene angathe kuchita mpweya wakuda, phenols kapena amines. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira Komabe, kuti otsika kachulukidwe zinthu zambiri viscous, zimveke kukonzedwa mu mankhwala. Osanenapo, ndi katundu magetsi. Polyethylene chifukwa polima sanali kumalo ozizira ndi mkulu khalidwe mkulu-pafupipafupi dielectric. Chifukwa cha ichi tangent zonse ndi imfa mwa pang'ono kusintha kusintha chinyezi, kutentha (mu uthunthu -80 kuti +100) ndi pafupipafupi munda magetsi. Apa tiyenera kuona mbali imodzi. Choncho, ngati polyethylene ndi zatsalira chothandizira, izo timapitiriza dielectric imfa tangent, imbaenda ku kuwonongeka ena a chimateteza katundu. Chabwino, ife tsopano zinthu wonse anali akufotokozedwa. Tsopano tiyeni kulabadira limatchula.

Kodi mkulu osalimba polyethylene?

Izi zotanuka kuwala crystallizable zakuthupi amene kutentha kukana ndi mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera -80 kuti +100 madigiri Celsius. Iwo ali pamwamba chonyezimira. Vitrification kumayamba -20. A limatsogolera - mu osiyanasiyana 120-135. Khalidwe ndi zabwino zimakhudza mphamvu ndi kutentha kukana. kachulukidwe polyethylene kwambiri bwanji katundu chifukwa. Motero, ilo limakula mphamvu, stiffness, kuuma ndi kukana mankhwala. Koma nthawi yomweyo amachepetsa chizolowezi kutambasula ndi permeability kuti mpweya ndi nthuzi. Tikumbukenso ingayambe kuti zidzachitika katundu yaitali. polyethylene amenewa ndi biologically inert, ndipo zikhoza zobwezerezedwanso. Umene uli wofunika kwambiri m'dzikoli masiku ano. Ponena za ntchito polyethylene, tisaiwale kuti ntchito kupanga ma CD ndi makontena. Kotero, pafupifupi hafu ya ulimi uchoka kulenga akamaumba chidebe nkhonya, amene ntchito mu adzasowa chakudya, mafuta odzola, magalimoto, ogula minda mphamvu ndi mafilimu. Koma angapezeke polenga chubu ndi chitoliro mbali. An ntchito zofunika za nkhaniyi ndi durability wake, mtengo wotsika ndipo chomasuka kuwotcherera.

Low kachulukidwe polyethylene

Izi zotanuka kuwala zinthu crystallizable ndi kutentha kukana (ndi katundu) mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera -120 kuti +90 madigiri Celsius. Katundu komanso ali kwambiri amadalira osalimba a chuma chifukwa. Choncho pali ponso mphamvu, kuuma, stiffness ndi kukana mankhwala. Pamodzi ndi izi makulidwe polyethylene limakhudza anthu amene amadza mphamvu, elongation osokoneza kukana ndi permeability kuti mpweya ndi nthuzi. Komanso, si wosiyana ooneka enieni bata ndi zimakhudza kwambiri zoipa pa katundu wotsika. Tikumbukenso ndithu mkulu mankhwala kukana ndi makhalidwe kwambiri dielectric. Odandaula - pa polyethylene ali mafuta zoipa, mafuta ndi cheza ultraviolet. Biologically inert, zikhoza zobwezerezedwanso. Ngakhale ndizodabwitsa monga kugonjetsedwa ndi cheza. Kugwiritsa mkulu-kachulukidwe polyethylene Tingaone kwambiri polenga luso, chakudya ndi mafilimu ulimi. Ngakhale, ndithudi, izo si njira yokha.

liniya polyethylene

Ndi zinthu zotanuka crystallizes. Iwo akhoza kulimbana kutentha kwa madigiri 118 Celsius. Ubwino wina zofunika zakuthupi izi kukana ake akulimbana, kutentha kukana ndi mphamvu amadza. Izo ntchito phukusi kupanga, muli ndi makontena. amapereka Kodi Pe? Makhalidwe a nkhaniyi ndi mkulu poyerekeza ndi luso chisanafike kukonzekera njira mochedwerako. Choncho, chuma wabwino. Komabe, monga ulamuliro, iyo siingakhoze ukugwira ndi polyethylene paipi.

Monga izo zikhoza umaimiridwa ndi chuma?

Kotero, ife kuphimba Mitundu ya polyethylene. Mu mawonekedwe zimene analenga? Wotchuka kwambiri - pepala polyethylene ndi filimu. mitundu akhoza chopangidwa kuchokera kachulukidwe chuma. Ngakhale pali amakonda ena. Choncho, yopanga mafilimu kugawa woonda ankagwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga njira otsika. M'lifupi nkhani analandira ambiri ukufika 1400 mm, kutalika - mamita 300. Liniya otsika kachulukidwe polyethylene ndi ena okonda Komabe, iwo amagwiritsa ntchito nyumba imene sayenera anakhudzidwa ndi: mapepala chomwecho, popangidwa ndi kuumbidwa nkhani ndi zina zotero.

Pomaliza

Ndipo potsiriza, osati kutchula zikalata zolimbana, chimene ndi kutulutsa polyethylene. GOST 16338-85 udindo kupanga zolengedwa pa mochedwerako. Mozama kwambiri mu 1985. GOST 16337-77 amalamulira nkhani zokhudzana ndi polyethylene paipi. Iye ndi zambiri akale ndi kunayamba chaka cha 1977. Mapale normative muli nkhani zofunika zipangizo omwe amapangidwa ndi film, ma CD ndi mankhwala ena. Komanso, tisaiwale osiyanasiyana ntchito mankhwala analandira ndi kuchuluka kwake mitundu. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, sizachilendo analimbitsa polyethylene filimu. peculiarity chake kwa makulidwe omwewo ndiwo mutu ndi mapewa pamwamba katundu wawo kuposa zitsanzo ochiritsira mankhwala. Mofanana analimbitsa mafilimu polyethylene kupanga nsalu za patebulo, matumba ndi zina zambiri zinthu zothandiza. katundu wawo akamagwira oyamba a yarns wapadera ndi ulusi achilengedwe kapena kupanga.