The ndege zofunika choimirira. VTOL

Ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana ndi ulemerero wa kapangidwe Chili wapadera ndege luso - VTOL. Maganizo abwino a Russia, England ndi United States zaka zambiri chitukuko wamakono kwawo zambiri analenga chitsanzo mpikisano lodziwika bwino. Kuwonjezeka liwiro, ndege okwera, payload, ndi makhalidwe nkhondowo kugwirizana ndi ntchito katundu kusintha okhazikika olimbana ndege. Zimenezo ndi zimene anapanga ndege ofukula zofunika zazikulu m'munsi wagawo wa Air Force wa mphamvu dziko.

Woyamba ofukula

Woyamba experimentally unakhazikitsidwa mu 1954 godu njira ofukula zinthu zofunika ndi ndegeyo anali kukhala Model 65 Air Mayeso wagalimoto. Adapanga kapangidwe wopangidwa ndi kupezeka pamaso pa aggregates mayunitsi osiyana ndege - fuselage ndi ofukula mchira anali Anabwereka airframe, ndi mapiko - ndege Cessna Model 140A, ndi galimotoyo - pa ndege Bell Model 47. Kufikira tsopano, okonza masiku ano kuona mmene njira zonsezi munthu zinthu akanamupatsa chifukwa chotero!

Ndege American kampani Bell anali okonzeka mapeto a 1953. Patatha mwezi umodzi, ndege yoyamba ndi popachika mu mlengalenga, ndi miyezi sikisi - ufulu wake woyamba ndege. Koma wamakono la ndegeyo sanaime, ngakhale kwa kuyezetsa chaka ndi mayesero mu mlengalenga izo kusintha ntchito chofunika.

Zotakasika, koma osati kwambiri

Ili m'mbali mwa injini fuselage zimayenda madigiri 90 kunsi, motero kupanga zochotsa mphamvu ndi cholinga ndege. Turbocharger ikuchitika zakudya tima mwachindunji okha nozzles mpweya pa mathero a mapiko ndi mchira. Imakhala ulamuliro wonse mode aviakonstruktsiey zikuuluka, ndi kusunga imapanga izi ngakhale pamene galimoto pa liwiro otsika.

Koma posakhalitsa zotsatira za mayeso, Bell anakana kupitiriza ndi polojekiti. The ndege yoyamba ndi zofunika ofukula anali cholinga injini ndege, sizitanthauza kuposa zofunika yake kulemera, ngakhale kuti kwambiri ndi kayendedwe yopingasa.

Ndi makhalidwe woyendetsa kuti izo zinali zovuta kugwira liwiro makhalidwe zotheka popanda kupyoza Malire pa liwiro yopingasa ndege. Choncho, mbali ya ku America ankatembenukira chidwi zochitika zina.

Dziko okha Yak-141

Mu 1992, makamaka anapempha atolankhani zatulutsidwa anadabwa ndi chidwi kutsogolera ndege Western mu njira imeneyi. Akatswiri zindikirani mbali ya ndege, amene anapita kupitirira malingaliro muyezo wa nkhondowo ndege. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti zaka zambiri maphunziro amene amachitika zinachitikanso m'mayiko angapo m'manja ali mpake analandira ndege Soviet.

Icho chinali Yak-141, mmodzi yekha mu dziko pa nthawi imeneyo, supersonic ndege zofunika choimirira. Iye anali wolemekezeka ndi osiyanasiyana utumwi nkhondowo, liwilo ndi maneuverability wapadera, amene analandira kuzindikira mayiko yomweyo.

America ndi ku Ulaya anayamba chitukuko m'dera lino mu 60. Pa chionetsero mu 1961 Farnborough English kampani wokhoza kupereka zotsatira zabwino. Tsogolo waukulu nkhondowo ndege RAF womenya Harrier ofukula kudzachitika wolemera unali wosangalatsa kwambiri, komanso chionetsero ambiri atetezedwe.

The British sanalole aliyense, ngakhale anzawo, Achimereka. Chinthu chokha munthu chifukwa cha kuphunzira kwawo kwambiri ndi chopereka kwa kugonjetsa Nazi Germany anali zosiyana, anakhala mlengi odziwika ozimitsa Soviet - A. S. Yakovlev. Iye sanali kokha anaitanidwa, komanso bwino mwayi wa njira imeneyi.

Ofukula mtundu mphamvu dziko

Zotani Soviet Union panthawi imeneyo anali ndi luso wopambana, koma kutali lonyozeka kwa English. Zatsopano ndi anatulukira turbolotom kupereka okonza zinthu zambiri anali ndi luso kukhazikitsa pa injini ndege ziwiri turbojet. nozzles awa akhoza kuchita kasinthasintha madigiri 90.

Mayeso Mukhin anamuukitsa kwa ndege mlengalenga, wotchedwa Yak 36. Koma sinali zonse kunachitika kumenyana makina. Pa ziwonetsero m'malo maroketi zitsanzo apadera inaimitsidwa. Pajatu, kwa armament izi ndege kuti sanali wokonzeka.

Mu 1967, pamaso pa gulu ntchito Yakovlev wa CPSU anapereka ntchito kulenga ndege kuwala ndi zofunika choimirira. Lachitsanzo kusinthidwa dzina lake Yak-38 zachititsa amakayikira anachita ngakhale A. Tupolev. Koma kale mu 1974 4 ndege yoyamba zinalembedwa.

Patapita ukulu bwino mu mlengalenga Harrier zoponya mabomba British mu nkhondo pa Islands ndi Falkland kuti boma la Soviet zinaonekeratu kuti tikufunika kuwongolera Yak-38 zawo. Choncho, mu 1978 Minaviaproma Commission ovomerezeka ntchito kwa Yakovlev Design Bureau - chilengedwe cha adzayambanso ndi ofukula zofunika womenya Yak-141.

ngwazi Soviet

Wapadera injini, zida ndi dongosolo patsogolo ulamuliro, unakhazikitsidwa mu Russia mwachindunji ndege zofunika choimirira. Kwa nthawi yoyamba chisankho afterburner makina nozzle wapezeka dziko - zinthu zimene kwa zaka zambiri ntchito osati Soviet, komanso ndege yachilendo okonza. Izi anamaliza pansi kuyezetsa mkombero kuti Yak-141 ndi kulitumiza ilo kwa adzauka. Mayesero woyamba adatsimikizira ndege makhalidwe ake abwino.

Icho chinali chimodzi mwa ntchito chinsinsi ndege, Intelligence Services zaka 11 Western anafunika kupeza basi chomwe icho chikuwonekera. Wosiyanasiyana sitimayo ndege Yak-141, 4 TH m'badwo womenya, ndipo anapereka 12 timva dziko. Iwo ankafuna kuti apeze mpweya ukulu ndi kupereka pakusalabadira mizere mdani. locator wake limakupatsani kugunda ndi mipherezero mpweya ndi nthaka. Luso kufika liwiro pazipita mpaka 1800 Km / h. Nkhondowo katundu - makilogalamu 1,000. Osiyanasiyana kumenyana - 340 Km. Zolemba malire ndege kutalika - mpaka 15 Km.

ndondomeko Gorbachev a

ndondomeko Komanso kuchepetsa makampani chitetezo wakhala ndalama zake chikoka. Kuonetsa m'firiji pamtunda mu mgwirizano wa mayiko a zachuma boma kwambiri kusintha buku la kupanga ndege zonyamulira. Chifukwa chosowa zombo zochokera achire wa Russian Navy ndege onyamula pambuyo 1987 Yak-141 chitukuko watha.

Ngakhale zili chomwechi, maonekedwe a Yak-141 linali lofunika kwambiri mchitidwe aviakonstruktorskoy. Russian ndege zofunika ofukula anakhala zipangizo singasiyanitsidwe Air Force, ndi wamakono zina ozimitsa, asayansi kwakukulukulu anadalira pa zotsatira za zaka zambiri Yakovlev.

Mig 29 (Fulcrum)

Chinapangidwa ndi Design Bureau dzina la A. Mikoyan Russian womenya wachinayi m'badwo MiG 29 Chili makhalidwe abwino kwambiri khalidwe la mivi mpweya nkhondowo pa sing'anga ndi yochepa osiyanasiyana.

Poyamba ndi zofunika ofukula MiG udaikidwa kuwononga mitundu yonse ya mipherezero mpweya zinthu zonse nyengo. Iwo akuzisunga magwiridwe ake ngakhale ku malo aphokoso. Okonzeka ndi mkulu-ntchito turbofan injini, ndi wokhoza kuti akanthe kuphatikizapo mipherezero pansi. Zinakonzedwa oyambirira 70s, oyambirira-kuchokera chinachitika mu 1977.

Osavuta ntchito. Adalowa ndi Air Force mu 1982, MiG 29 anali womenya yaikulu ya Russian Air Force. Komanso, m'mayiko oposa 25 ndagula kuposa ndege zikwi.

American Mbalame

Nthawi zonse mosamala podziteteza ku America komanso bwino pokonza womenya wamphamvu.

Dzina la mbalame yolusa Harrier analengedwa monga ndege Mipikisano zinchito ndi yosavuta kuukira kuthandiza magulu pansi ndi nkhondo mpweya ndi nzeru. Chifukwa ntchito zake zabwino amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu Spanish ndi Chitaliyana apanyanja.

Anakhala munthu woyamba mu kalasi ake British ofukula kudzachitika wolemera ndipo ankafika Hawker Siddeley Harrier zinachitika anapanga Anglo-American kusintha AV-8a Harrier mu 1978. The ntchito anzake a okonza a m'mayiko awiriwa kusintha kwa wachiwiri m'badwo Harrier kuukira ndege banja.

Mu 1975, m'malo ntchito anatuluka England chifukwa kulephera kwa kasamalidwe kukhala bajeti ndalama adza kwa kampani McDonnell Douglas. The miyeso anatengedwa ndi kusinthidwa bwino AV-8a Harrier zidapatsa AV-8b womenya.

The kumatheka AV-8b

Zochokera luso zitsanzo yapita, AV-8b akhala akusunga kukonzanso kalasi khalidwe. Anakweza cockpit, redesigned fuselage mapiko akweza powonjezera lina anamangirira mfundo iliyonse phiko. Mkulu mwatsatanetsatane chida bwererani yomweyo pamene kulowa zone Launch, mosavuta kuchimwa kungakhale kwa 15 m.

Lachitsanzo ndi zina woyengeka mu mawu a aerodynamics chotero analenga zabwino ndege ofukula zofunika USA. Zida akonza injini Pegasus kunapangitsa kuti kuchita zinthu zofunika ofukula ndi ndegeyo. Ndi US Corps AV-8b analowa kumayambiriro 1985.

Njira sikuti mwasiya, ndipo kenako AV-8b zitsanzo (Na) ndi AV-8b Harrier II Plus anaonekera zida nkhondo usiku. kusintha Komanso wakonza m'modzi wa ophunzira bwino za ndege ofukula kudzachitika-kutali m'badwo wachisanu - Harrier III.

Ntchito yochepa zofunika okonza Soviet kugwira ntchito molimbika. zikayenda awa akhala yotengedwa ndi America kuti F 35. Zojambula Soviet achita mbali yaikulu kubweretsa ku ungwiro wosiyanasiyana supersonic F 35 mantha. Izi n'chosavuta ndi zofunika ofukula mpake kenako anayamba utumiki ndi British ndi Bulu US.

"Boeing". Beyond n'zotheka

Katswiri wa aerobatics ndi mikhalidwe yapadera ya masiku ano amasonyeza osati omenyana, komanso liners anthu. Boeing 787 Dreamliner akuimira widebody amapasa-ndege zonyamula "Boeing" ofukula zofunika.

Boeing 787-9 lakonzedwa okwera 300 ndege osiyanasiyana 14 000 Km. Masekeli pa matani 250 woyendetsa Farnborough anasonyeza tsenga chodabwitsa anatola ndege ndi kuchita zinthu zofunika umodzi, zomwe ndi zotheka kwa womenya munthu. Best ndege yomweyo anayamikira ubwino wake, madongosolo kugula nthawi yomweyo anayamba kubwera ku mayiko kutsogolera. Pa udindo wa mayunitsi 470 anagulitsidwa pa chiyambi cha 2016. "Boeing" ndi zofunika ofukula anali wapadera chilengedwe anthu.

Kutheka kuwonjezera ndege

Pa yapachiweniweni ndege ntchito chitukuko ndi zofunika ofukula ndi ndegeyo, amene safuna malo runways, okonza Russian akugwira ntchito bwinobwino. Zimakhala bwino ntchito pa utsi osiyana, zochokera pa mtunda ndi pa madzi.

Iwo ali osiyanasiyana ofunsira:

• chisamaliro ngozi zachipatala;
• mlengalenga reconnaissance;
• kuchititsa ntchito yopulumutsa;
• anthu ntchito zolinga malonda.

Ndipo zolinga payekha kwambiri

ogwiritsa zingakutetezeni Mesiya ndi ntchito yopulumutsa, apolisi, umoyo, ndi zachilendo gulu malonda.

Latsopano ofukula zofunika ndege angathe zouluka pamalo okwera 10 Km, mofulumira kuti 800 Km / h.

The mwayi wa m'badwo uno latsopano la ndege kuti tizigwiritsa ntchito ngakhale mu malo sachoka: mumzinda, mu nkhalango, ngati n'koyenera, ngakhale pangozi.

Circle, wononga chadzidzidzi ndege amenewa, ankaona zimakhudza wake m'deralo. Kwezani izo analengedwa ndi onsewo ndi ozungulira, amene amagwiritsa mpweya wochokera kumwamba, akutumiza izo pansi. Choncho lalikulu analengedwa ndi kuthamanga yafupika, ndi patsinde - kuchuluka.

Chinapangidwa ndi fanizo ndege ndi zoona, kukhala ake woyengeka ndi ndinazolowera zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana chitsanzo, ndi wokhoza kuchita ofukula kudzachitika wolemera, ankafika ndi zikuuluka pamalo amodzi.

Kupereka Cold Nkhondo

Zipambano za ndege pa chitsanzo chimenechi anatsimikizira kuti luso apamwamba ndege ofukula kudzachitika wolemera akhale mofanana zothandiza ndi kufunika monga mwa zolinga boma ndi za anthu wamba.

Mu nthawi ya Cold nkhondo, akuluakulu mphamvu dziko anali chidwi pa kupanga ntchito ya nkhondowo ndege, amene sikutanthauza airfields ochiritsira. Ichi chinali chifukwa kuyatsa chiopsezo zinthu zimenezi ndi ballpen zipangizo ndege kwa mdani. Kuwonjezera apo, msewu wonyamukira ndege mtengo anali sanalonjeze kutetezedwa. Nthawiyi imatengedwa sitepe yofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa ntchito aviakonstruktorskoy.

Western ndi zoweta strategy kwa zaka 30 mwakhama akweza VTOL, kufika ku ungwiro mu lachisanu m'badwo womenya. Ndipo kuyamba umisiri zikuluzikulu ndi mpata zolinga yapachiweniweni ntchito yaitali chitukuko cha okonza dziko kutsogolera ndege.