The mavuto azachuma - ndi loti? The mavuto azachuma a 1929-1933, 2008 ndi 2014. Zimayambitsa mavuto azachuma

M'mbiri yonse ya dera lonse lapansi, chuma kwambiri mavuto limodzi ndi kuchepa mu zokolola, kugwa mitengo, kudzikundikira katundu unsold pa msika, ndi kugwa kwa dongosolo banki, kuwonjezereka lakuthwa mu ulova, chiwonongeko cha anthu ambiri mwa makampani amene analipo a makampani ndi malonda.

Kodi izo - vutoli? ndi zizindikiro zake chiyani? Kodi likuoneka chuma cha dziko ndipo ife nzika wamba? Choncho kaya zimayamba kodi tingatani? Tiyeni yesetsani kupereka mayankho osachepera pafupifupi kwa ochuluka a mafunso awa.

Choyamba, tiyeni tione mavuto ngati lingaliro ambiri.

Mawu amenewa anamasuliridwa kuchokera Greek momwe "zoopsa kosangalatsa", "mavuto padziko lonse", "chikhalidwe manda" ndondomeko iliyonse. Nthawi zambiri, mavuto - ndi vutoli zilipo, pamene kusintha chifukwa cha khalidwe latsopano.

udindo wake ndi masiteji

Pakuti mavuto ake onse opweteka amagwira ntchito zothandiza. Mofananira kuti matenda aakulu amene matenda a chamoyo Wamoyo anasonkhanitsa zotsutsana chobisika, mavuto ndi nyengo regressive kuchepetsa kuchokera mwa dongosolo lililonse osauka, kaya banja, anthu, kapena mbali yake payekha.

Chifukwa mavuto ndi zimayamba kuti popanda n'zosatheka kupita chitsogolo. Ndipo aliyense wa iwo ali ndi ntchito yaikulu zitatu:

• Kupha kapena kutembenuka yofunika kwambiri zinthu wotopa lotha dongosolo;
• mayesero a mphamvu ndi kupititsa m'tsogolo za umoyo wa ziwalo;
• kuchotsa njira kwa chilengedwe cha zinthu za dongosolo latsopano.

Mu mphamvu yake mavuto udzadutsa magawo angapo. The zobisika (zobisika), imene zinthu ndi kukhwima, koma siinafike kunja. Nthawi ya kugwa, n'kamodzi zotsutsana Kukulitsa, kudya ndiponso kuwonongeka amphamvu scorecards lapansi. Ndipo sitepe easing kusintha kwa gawo la maganizo ndi osakhalitsa mgwirizano. Kutalika kwa nthawi zitatu sali yemweyo, zotsatira za mavuto ndi zosatheka kuwerengetsa pasadakhale.

Makhalidwe ndi Zoyambitsa

Akayambana akhoza kukhala ambiri ndi makonsolo. General - iwo kuphimba chuma lonse wonse, m'dera - zochepa chabe. Imani pa nkhani zazikulu ndi mikrokrizisy. Dzina nthawi yomweyo odziwikiratu. Pakuti loyamba amakhala ndi mwaunyinji ndi mavuto aakulu. Chachiwiri bwanji okha nkhani umodzi kapena gulu zace.

Chifukwa vutoli anathyola kungakhale cholinga wochokera zofuna cyclical kuti kusinthidwa, ndi m'maganizo, chifukwa zolakwa ndale ndi voluntarism. Komanso, iwo akhoza kugawidwa kunja ndi mkati. Woyamba zokhudzana ndi mbali ya zochitika zazikulu za citukuko mu chuma ndi mavuto a za ndale mu dziko, wachiwiri - ndi kudwala-pakati malonda njira, zolakwa ndi mikangano m'gulu la ulimi, ena amasokoneza ndi mfundo ndalama.

Mavuto zachuma komanso chifukwa cha yake kusinthidwa kapena chionongeko chomaliza cha dongosolo la ndalama ndi chuma, kusintha kapena kubera mavuto lotsatira. Kunja zingakhale lakuthwa ndi zina osayembekezereka kapena zofewa ndipo yaitali. Izi makamaka anatsimikiza ndi malamulo a kayendetsedwe mavuto. zodabwitsa zonse zimakhudza akuluakulu boma, boma, anthu ndi chikhalidwe.

Mfundo yaikulu ya mavuto azachuma

Economic mavuto - lakuthwa, nthawi zina kwakukulu kuwonongeka kwa chuma cha dziko kapena mayiko a m'deralo. zizindikiro zake - kuphwanya ubale mafakitale, nyamuka ku ulova bankirapuse amakampani, kuchepa wonse. Mapeto - kuchepa miyezo ya moyo ndi moyo.

Mavuto a zachuma chitukuko akuwonetseredwa mu overproduction katundu wachibale kukakamiza, kusintha chilungamo zinthu phwando, layoffs misa ndi zodabwitsa zina zachilengedwe umoyo ndi zachuma.

Kodi zimenezi zimachitika?

Chuma cha dziko mu nthawi yeniyeni ya nthawi mu umodzi wa limati awiri.

1. Bata pamene kupanga ndi mowa (ankalemekeza - okwanira ndi kufunika) mu muyezo wonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo kukula chuma pa njira yowongoka.
2. Vutoli kuti zina ndi chiwerengero yachibadwa njira chuma ndi kuyambitsa vuto limeneli.

Economic mavuto - ndi vutoli padziko lonse a dongosolo ndi zachuma. Iwo limodzi ndi imfa ndi ubale yachibadwa mu dera kupanga malonda, ndipo mapeto ndi vutoli wathunthu wa dongosolo.

Kodi n'chiyani chikuchitika chuma

Ku maganizo a sayansi, mavuto a zachuma - ndi vutoli a kapezedwe ndi kufunika kwa katundu.

Akamanena za izo zimawonedwa kupanga owonjezera katundu wachibale akumufuna.

chuma Modern zimaonetsa ngati zovuta boma la chuma chimene silingayende kusintha mkati ndi kunja. NKHANI izo - mphamvu, nthawi ndi ukulu.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, monga zanenedwa, mavuto a zachuma kungakhale kothandiza. Kwenikweni, limalimbikitsa anthu kuti aziona chitukuko cha chuma, onyamula ntchito othandizira. Imawalamulira, kuchepetsa ndalama yopanga, kumaonjezera mpikisano, kulenga polimbikitsa kutaya njira lotha kupanga ndi Zikuchitika pa maziko latsopano luso. Choncho, vuto - chinthu chofunika wodzilamulira msika nkhani zachuma.

Chomwe chikhudza mavutowo

Kuyambira mavuto, monga ulamuliro, amavutika kwambiri kuposa mafakitale zina popanga katundu ndi cholimba njira. Makamaka yomanga. Makampani yotulutsa katundu ntchito yochepa, adzatani si choncho chopweteka.

Njira zimadalira mavutowo. Kuthetsa mavuto ndi zachuma, boma liyenera kulengeza pa nthawi yomweyo cholinga chachikulu cha kusintha kwa zinthu zachilendo zachuma, amene kubweza ngongole zonse, kupenda boma ndalama komanso malingaliro.

Tsopano tiyeni yesetsani kuona zimene zikuchitika mmadera, ndi zitsanzo. Tiyeni kukumbukira yotchuka kwambiri ya mayesero ovuta, unasuntha mu nthawi yake ya zachuma.

Tiyeni tibwerere ku m'mbuyomu

Akayambana zachitika m'mbiri yonse ya anthu. Mfundo yoyamba kugunda chuma US pa nthawi yomweyo, Britain, Germany ndi France, chinachitika mu 1857. The kutsogolera kwa chitukuko anali kugwa msika wogulitsa ndi bankirapuse kwa kuchuluka kwa makampani njanji.

Zitsanzo zina kutumikira: Wamkulu Depression (1929-1933.), Mexico (1994-1995.), Ndipo mavuto Asian (1997), komanso, mosakaika, ndi Russian 1998 mavuto chaka.

Pa vuto la 1929-1933.

The padziko lonse zachuma vuto la 1929-1933 m'chilengedwe - ozungulira mantha overproduction. Kuti izi Chinawonjezeka, ndi kusintha kwathunthu mu chuma, chiyambi cha zomwe chinachitikira ndi nthawi ya nkhondo. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kuwonjezeka mofulumira kupanga kulimbitsa kuphangira, zikubweretsa sungathe kuti achire pambuyo pa mapeto a asapita zachuma amene adalipo kale nkhondo.

Features ya mavuto azachuma a zaka anaonekera kwa chiti m'mayiko onse capitalist mosachotsera, ndi madera onse a zachuma. Ndi wapadera mu kuya kwambiri komanso nthawi.

Tiyeni tione zimene zimayambitsa mavuto a zachuma a zaka zambiri.

Chimene chinkachitika mu dziko

Pakuti nthawi ya mtendere wa pa 20-ntchentche anakhala khalidwe kumatheka kukula kwa centralization ndi ndende ya likulu ndi kupanga, zimene zinachititsa kuti kuchuluka mphamvu amapeza. Pankhaniyi, malamulo boma chayamba kuchepa zikuchepa. The Boma chikhalidwe chuma (shipbuilding, migodi ya malasha, makampani kuunika) mitengo kukula akanapo, kuchuluka ulova. chiopsezo pa-anatuluka mu ulimi.

The mavuto azachuma cha 1929 zinachititsa kuti mismatch pakati pa otsika kugula mphamvu ya chiwerengero cha mphamvu yaikulu yopanga. Zambiri likulu padera mu malonda akhalire nkhambakamwa kuti kusakhazikika kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachuma.

The United States ngati angongole yaikulu padziko lonse likupita kudalira pa ndalama pa ambiri a ku Ulaya. Kupanda ndalama zokha ambiri a iwo adamfunsa kumafika katundu opangidwa ku msika US, koma anatuluka mpikisano chodziwa ndi kuwuka kwa ntchito miyambo anapangitsa kwako wa mayiko ku United States.

Chronicle wa Great Depression

Monga mavuto azachuma ya 1929-1933.? Izo zinachitika mu "wakuda Lachinayi" (24 October 1929), pamene kuwombola wauka ndi mantha kuposa United States. Phindu la magawo wa New York Stock Kusinthanitsa anagwa ndi theka (kapena kuposa). Ichi chinali chimodzi cha mawonetseredwe loyamba overdue vuto la kuya kale lonse.

Poyerekeza ndi chisanadze mavuto mlingo wa 1929 US makampani buku la kupanga anagwa 80,7% mu 1930. mavuto The zinachititsa kuti kugwa lakuthwa mu mitengo, makamaka za ulimi. Kukula kochuruka kwa bankirapuse ndi chitayiko wakhala malonda, mafakitale ndi ndalama mabizinezi. mavuto amene akhudzidwa ndi mphamvu yowononga, kuwonjezera, ndi pa gombe.

Kodi muyenera kuchita chiyani?

Anglo-French bloc anaona yankho ku vuto la reparations malipiro Germany. Koma njira walephera - mphamvu ndalama Germany sanali mpikisano zokwanira asagwiritse mphamvu zake malonda. utsogoleri dziko chawonongera reparations kuti chofunika kwa iye ngongole zonse latsopano ndi zambiri zokhumudwitsa Kusakhazikika kwa dongosolo lonse ndalama.

The mavuto azachuma wa 1929-1933 amadziwika monga mmodzi wa koipa mu chuma padziko lonse. Panapita zaka zingapo ziziyenda dongosolo lonse. M'mayiko ambiri aona kwa nthawi yaitali zotsatira za chipwirikiti chuma cha padziko lonse, anapita mpaka mu mbiri.

Crisis mu 2008

Tsopano tiyeni tione malamulo onse ndi makhalidwe mfundo zimene aphunzira pa chitsanzo cha zochitika odziwika bwino monga mavuto azachuma cha 2008. khalidwe lake ndi zinthu zitatu zofunika kwambiri.

1. Mavuto padziko lonse zakhudza pafupifupi m'mayiko onse zigawo. Mwa njira, ine ndiri wokondwa amphamvu m'malo bwino ndi patsogolo anakhudzidwa mlingo wochepa. Mu Russia, monga mavuto ambiri anaona mu malo ndi malo a Boom zachuma, zigawo zomwe zikutsalirazi kusintha anapezeka kochepa.
2. The mavuto azachuma cha 2008 anali ndi chikhalidwe structural, zokhudza updating a m'munsi sayansi ya zachuma.
3. mavutowo anatha khalidwe nzeru, chifukwa chimene iwo anakhazikitsa ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito zaluso ndalama zogulira zipangizo zatsopano msika. Iwo ukasintha anasintha msika chofunika. Mtengo wa mafuta, ankadalira makamaka chiŵerengero cha okwanira ndi anthu, choncho pang'ono olamulidwa ndi opanga, anali tsopano aumbike mwa ntchito misika ndalama osinthitsa malonda mu zida ndalama zokhudzana kotunga ake.

Dera lonse anali kuvomereza mfundo yolimbikitsa chinthu pafupifupi mapangidwe mumaganiza zofunika kwambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo, osankhika andale ndi azachuma wataya kulamulira kayendedwe ka zida ndalama. Choncho, vuto ili amatchedwa "magalimoto chipolowe ndi Mlengi wawo."

Monga izo zinali

Mu September 2008, nkhani ya ngoziyo maudindo onse padziko lonse - kugwa NYSE. Mu dziko kuloŵa pansi katundu. Boma la Russia ndi chabe kutseka kuwombola. Mu October chaka chomwecho zimaonekeratu mwamtheradi kuti mavuto padziko lonse mosalephera.

Chiwonongeko a mabanki akuluakulu a dziko lapansi adziika chigumukire. Pindani mapulogalamu kubweza, kukwera mitengo chiwongoladzanja pa ngongole. Steelmakers kusiya kuphulika ng'anjo, mafakitale, akuchotsedwa antchito. Chifukwa chosowa ndalama "yaitali" ndi ngongole anasiya kumanga, zida zatsopano anagula, makampani zomangamanga igwera mu stupor a. Kugwa kufunika kwa lendi yafupika mtengo wa zitsulo ndi mafuta.

chuma ndi uzingopitirira: palibe ndalama - palibe malipiro - palibe ntchito - palibe kupanga - Palibe mankhwala. mkombero chatsekedwa. Pali chinthu monga mavuto liquidity. Mwachidule, ogula mulibe ndalama, katundu si opangidwa chifukwa cha kusowa akumufuna.

The mavuto azachuma cha 2014

Chitani zinthu pano. Mosakayikira, tonsefe nkhawa zinthu pa dziko mogwirizana ndi zimene zikuchitika atsopano. Kukwera mitengo, depreciation wa ruble, ndi chisokonezo m'bwalolo ndale - zonsezi amapereka ufulu kunena molimba mtima kuti tikukumana ndi mavuto enieni.

Mu Russia, 2014 zachuma mavuto - ndi kuwonongeka mu chuma dziko chifukwa cha kuchepa lakuthwa mu mitengo mphamvu ndi imposition wa ziletso pa za chuma ndi Russia ochokera m'mayiko Western. Iwo unaonekera mu depreciation yofunika kwambiri ruble Russian wowonjezera kufufuma ndi kuchepa mu kukula kwa ndalama weniweni wa ku Russia.

ndi zikhalidwe zake chiyani?

Chiyambireni cha 2000s mu Russia panali patsogolo chitukuko cha gawo la chofunika. kukula yogwira mitengo dziko mafuta pa nthawi yomweyo adakula kudalira pa chuma ku mphamvu kubala mafakitale, ndipo ntchito pa zinthu kunja.

A akuponya mitengo mafuta chifukwa kuchepa mu ankafuna, kukula kupanga mu US ake, kukana mayiko ena kuchepetsa okwanira. Izi zinachititsa kuti kuchepa revenues zogulitsa a mphamvu, mlandu 70% ya wolowa okwana zoweta. Zotsatira zoipa za kugwa mu mitengo anamva komanso m'mayiko ena exporting - Norway, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Venezuela.

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

ndi zimene zimayambitsa mavuto a zachuma mu 2014 chiyani? Kodi kwenikweni anali choyambitsa? Chifukwa cha analanda dziko la Crimea kwa Russia, mayiko EU sankaoneka ngati analanda dziko lake, ndi Russia ziletso ziletso, m'kukoma lamulo mgwirizano ndi mabungwe ang'onoang'ono makampani chitetezo, mabanki ndi makampani mafakitale. Crimea anatsimikizidwa ndi anatseka misewu zachuma. Pa pempho la mutsogoleli wa Russia woyikidwa ziletso nafe - chifukwa cha kota ya mavuto azachuma a dziko.

Choncho, pa nthawi yomweyo dziko akukumana ndi mavuto azachuma komanso azandale.

Mu zoyambirira za chaka anapitiriza stagnation, ntchito zachuma mu 2014 anagwa pansi pa kufufuma ntchito mmalo mwa anakonza 5% nditapatsidwa 11,4%, GDP zidagwa 0.5% pa chaka, amene sanali mu 2008. Kugwa kwa ruble ndi December 15 mbiri, tsiku lotchedwa "wakuda Lolemba." Ena maudindo kuwombola anaganiza kukhazikitsa mitengo anasonyeza kuwombola zisanu manambala mu mwambo manambala ngakhale wamkulu kukula pa iwo.

Pa December 16, panali dontho lakuthwa mu ndalama national - yuro anaima rubles 100.74, dola -. 80.1 rubles. Ndiye kunali zina zolimbikitsa. Iwo inatha m'chaka cha pa mlingo wa 68,37 ndi 56,24 motero.

Yafupika capitalization msika katundu, ndi RTS index anagwa malo otsiriza, boma anagwetsa Russia olemera chifukwa devaluation wa chuma. Russia ndi ngongole mlingo mu dziko kunapezeka kuti downgraded.

Kodi chimachitika tsopano?

The mavuto azachuma cha 2014 ndi ikupita patsogolo. Mu 2015, mavuto m'dziko ali ofanana. Kupitiriza Kusakhazikika ndi chifooke ruble lapansi. The kuchepekedwa bajeti chikuyembekezeka pazikhala zambiri, zomwezi lokhudza GDP kugwa.

Chifukwa cha ziletso, makampani Russian anataya mwayi wawo refinancing ndipo anayamba kupempha thandizo kwa boma. Koma okwana ndalama, "Bank ku Central", ndi malo thumba anali zosakwana ngongole okwana kunja.

Adakula mitengo ya magalimoto ndi zamagetsi mwachangu kugula anthu mantha. Kugwiritsa kufunika kumapeto a 2014 anapambana m'masitolo mipando, zipangizo kunyumba, zodzikongoletsera. Anthu anathamangira yopeza ndalama zotsala ku chiyembekezo cha kuwapulumutsa iwo kuchokera depreciation.

Pa nthawi yomweyo anagwetsa kufunika kwa zinthu za ntchito tsiku lililonse, zovala ndi nsapato. Chifukwa kuwuka mu mitengo, Russia anayamba kupulumutsa pa kugula katundu zofunika banja kapena kugula yotsika mtengo. Ambiri opanga yachilendo ya zovala ndi nsapato za zopangidwa wotchuka kuumirizidwa tsekani unathandiza ku Russia chifukwa cha kupanda akumufuna. Part wa sitolo chatsekedwa. Motero, mavuto mu dziko ndi njira zina kugundidwa ndi ndalama zakunja.

N'zochititsa chidwi adakula mtengo wa zakudya. Pamaso pa isanayambike anthu mu 2015, chifukwa cholephera mbiri za kudzabwera kuyenda ulendo mtengo lonse, kutenga zikulilima pa maalumali mchere ndi shuga.

mabanki ambiri inaimitsidwa kwa issuance wa ogula ndi kubweza ngongole, makamaka yaitali, chifukwa zinthu bwinobwino ndalama.

Ndi zachuma mavuto wavutitsa umoyo wa nzika wamba. Utachepa ndalama weniweni, kuchuluka ulova. Anali kovuta kwambiri kwa anthu ndi oopsa amene amafuna mankhwala okwera mtengo kapena mankhwala kunja.

Pa nthawi yomweyo katundu Russian anakhala mosavuta kwa alendo yachilendo. Anayamba Kugula kwa anthu a Belarus, Kazakhstan, zigawo Baltic, Finland ndi China.

Kodi pali uthenga wabwino?

Chaka chatha, boma la Russia akuyesetsa kuchititsa mavuto azachuma la dzikolo. "Bank of Central" chinawonjezeka mlingo zake zazikulu chidwi kasanu ndi kamodzi pa chaka, anachititsa kuwombola yachilendo alowererepo ziziyenda ndi ruble malo. Vladimir Putin ali osavomerezeka oimira ntchito yaikulu kuthandiza boma kudzera zogulitsa zochuluka ndalama mu zoweta msika Russian.

"CBA" anapembedza zikhalidwe za zanyumba ndalama, boma Duma akukonza miyeso kuthandiza borrowers akukumana ndi mavuto chifukwa kusinthitsa kusinthasintha mlingo.

Koma chuma 'Zoneneratu cha 2015 sindikufuna amasiyana chidaliro. mavuto akupitiriza kukwiya, kuchepetsa liwiro lake mpaka zimawonedwa. Tonsefe nawobe nthawi yaitali kuthana ndi mavuto. Mpaka amayesetsa kuchita zinthu ziti kupulumutsa, kuchepetsa ndalama ndi kuyesera kuchita zonse zimene angathe kusunga ntchito alipo ndi zina ndalama.