Zimayambitsa mavuto a zachuma. Mbiri ya mavuto azachuma

masiku ano anthu akuchita bwino kwambiri kusintha mlingo ndi zikhalidwe za moyo wake. N'zotheka kukwaniritsa mwa kukula mosamala chuma, osati chifukwa boma limodzi, komanso aliyense wa mayiko. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti aliyense nthawi ya chitukuko itha zosakhalitsa mavuto a zachuma.

Kulowererana boma la chuma

Ambiri a maganizo dziko onani 2 limati mu dziko loyenda mu chuma cha lililonse dziko nthawi.

• Kusamala. Iwo amakhala ndi muyezo wa ulimi chikhalidwe ndi mowa pagulu. Mu msika, mfundo izi awiriwo amadziwika ngati okwanira ndi akumufuna. The ndondomeko za kukula zachuma amakhala ndi zoyenda zooneka mzere wolunjika. Mu mawu osavuta tikhoza kunena kuti ukuwonjezeka linanena bungwe mu buku malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu kupanga.

• Disequilibrium. Mtundu uwu wa vuto la overproduction mu lonse chikhalidwe. kulankhulana Normal chosemphana ndi choncho, ngati chiwerengero cha chuma.

Kodi mavuto azachuma?

The mavuto azachuma angatchedwe ndi vutoli wathunthu mu gawo zachuma zimene imfa zobwera ndi fractures ubale wogwirizana, onse pa ulimi ndipo timakhala msika. Kumasulira kwa lingaliro Greek wa «krisis» kutanthauziridwa monga zinasintha. Mumasonyeza kuti kuwonongeka kwakukulu mmene chuma cha boma, amene yodziwika ndi kuchepa ulimi ndipo kusiyana ubale mafuta, bankirapuse a ambiri makampani ndi kuuka ulova. Kugwa kwa chuma akutitsogolera kuti kuchepa miyezo ya moyo ndi kuwonongeka kwa umoyo wa anthu onse. Mavuto kugwirizana ndi matenda kakulidwe lonse. Mmodzi wa akamagwiritsa wa chodabwitsa ndi - ndi kudzikundikira mwadongosolo ndi yaikulu ngongole ndi kulephera kwa anthu kulipira nthawi yabwino. The zifukwa za mavuto azachuma, chuma ambiri kugwirizana ndi disequilibrium mu nsapato okwanira ndi kufunika kwa katundu.

zimayambitsa Proximate cha mavuto azachuma

Global mupeze zikamera wa mavuto padziko lonse angatchedwe kutsutsana pakati pa ntchito ndi mitundu si lokhalamo kupanga kwenikweni kapena pakati kupanga ndi mowa, pakati pa dongosolo ndi dziko lakunja. Pamene vutoli wa asilikali kupanga ndipo sanali kupanga linaphwanya asapita chofunika ndalama. Mu ntchito mogwirizana kwa dongosolo ndi malo mwambo masoka kuti simungathe kukhala odziletsa, pali kulephereka kugwira ntchito kwa anthu. Zimayambitsa mavuto a zachuma, akatswiri kugwirizana ndi kuzama ndi chitukuko cha mgwirizano, specialization, zachititsanso kusiyana kasamalidwe ndi kupanga. Ngakhale kusintha kosangalatsa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kupanga chofunika kwa co-ntchito ndi kupanga ali anakankhira chiwonetsero cha mavuto m'deralo. Mu zochitika kwambiri, chikhalidwe m'dera la mavuto ndi zimatheka ndi dongosolo la nkhokwe mkati Self-chilangizo dongosolo.

Background ndi zizindikiro za mavuto

zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto a zachuma, ndi chikoka chachikulu pa kufunika kwa ndalama, okhala pa akalozera, amene ankagwiritsa ntchito pa kusanthula malonda. The zachuma nthawi anakumana ndi vutoli ndi. Chodabwitsa kumachitika pakatha zaka 8-12. Izi kumaonekera osiyanasiyana mavuto:

• Bvuto ndi kugulitsa katundu;

• zoipa lakuthwa mgwirizano chuma;

• kuchepa kupanga;

• kotulukira ulova;

• ndichepe ntchito Investor;

• dislocation kukongoza dera.

mavuto onse pamwamba pa zovuta mu mbiriyakale akhala ndi vuto la overproduction.

A udindo waukulu mu mapangidwe zinthu akumane mu dziko kusewera ndalama, koma pokhapokha ngati amaonedwa monga njira zolankhulirana ndi chida kupanga ndalama. Izo zikuoneka kuchokera mbiri kuti vutoli wa chuma m'mayiko padziko lonse anayamba kuoneka pokhapokha mawonekedwe ndalama-chofunika cha ulimi polima molumikizana ndi bizinesi. Ndi zotsutsana dongosolo la ndale anachita zotsika mu moyo wa mitundu m'pofunika chabe. The chiyembekezo chomwe chikumuchititsa chodabwitsa - izo ukulimbana kupanga ankacheza ndi ena umwini capitalist. Zikhalidwe za ulimi ndi malonda zikhalidwe za katundu kusiyana zayamba chifukwa mtengo zotsala. Kupanga kupanga mkulu buku kumathandiza mphamvu wopindulitsa, ndi kuzindikira zinthu za chikalata - m'madera Kugwirizana kwa anthu, amene si anatsimikiza ndi zosowa za anthu ndi mphamvu zawo kulipira. Kutsutsana chachikulu ndicho kuti zitsulo za dziko kupanga kubala ambiri katundu dera lonse ndi kungoti amalephera kudya onsewo.

Udindo wa bizinesi mu mapangidwe mavuto

Ambiri a zimayambitsa mavuto azachuma n'zogwirizana ndi bizinesi, monga chikhalidwe amafotokoza zachokera kuwonjezeka malire kupanga. KHADZIKIKANI patsogolo pa mwadongosolo kumapangitsa munthu zonse amasulidwe zatsopano ndi atsopano. Kupita wamakono zida ndi oyamba umisiri watsopano m'magulu onse a ntchito. kukhwimitsa mphamvu kwa mafakitale chitukuko ofunika makampani ndi mabizinezi lalikulu kupirira mlingo mwachilungamo mkulu wa mpikisano. Kufunika kuchepetsa kupanga ndi kulimbana yogwira ndi mpikisano chimachititsa amalonda kwambiri mosamalitsa kuchepetsa kukula malipiro. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti kuwonjezeka lakuthwa kupanga chiri chachikulu kwambiri kuposa kukula kwa mowa payekha. Kutsegula mkangano kupanga ndi ogula kuthetsa nkhani zikuluzikulu za chuma, kuonetsetsa kuti msika ntchito ogwira ntchito akadakwanitsira quality, boma apita ndalama lonse chikhalidwe. Nthawi yadziko angatchedwe chifukwa mwadongosolo ngongole kukula.

zosiyanasiyana akayambana

akayambana Global akhoza monga nthawi zosakhalitsa pachimake nkhondo pakati pa chuma cha boma ndi oziyimila paokha amalonda anafotokoza. Ndi makampani anasonyeza mavuto ambiri pachimake mu dongosolo. Mwa iwo akuima kunja:

• kugwa kwa zachuma;

• overproduction ndi underproduction;

• mavuto malonda a katundu ndi ntchito;

• mavuto timakhala pakati counterparties ku msika.

Zonsezi amachepetsa solvency ya anthu, kotero kumafuna ndi bankirapuse makampani ambiri bwino. Mavuto mu msinkhu zazikulu za citukuko amakhala ndi kufooka lakuthwa mu GDP ndi kugwa mu bizinesi. Kufufuma ikukula mu malangizo kwakukulu kwambiri, kusowa ukuwonjezeka ndi muyezo wa chikhalidwe cha anthu yafupika kwambiri. Zinadzala ndi angabwere chifukwa cha mavuto a zachuma zokhudzana ndi ndalama mavuto subsystem. Ichi ndi kusiyana pakati pa malamulo a latsopano muyezo chuma amoyo ndi ambiri ndiwofatsa mabungwe a zachuma. mavuto azachuma, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira amene anawagawira kwa zaka zambiri, akhoza kutuluka mavuto ang'onoang'ono ndi zachuma. Chifukwa cha ichi - pamaso limasonyeza pafupi pakati pa zinthu za dongosolo ndi ndondomeko subsystems. movutikira Local ndithu mwamsanga kuphimba dziko lonse, ndipo n'kosatheka kuthetsa mavuto ena mu chochitika cha mavuto prerequisites kwa dongosolo lonse. Zimayambitsa mavuto a zachuma padziko lonse akhoza kukhala yosiyanasiyana, koma chodabwitsa ndi cyclical m'chilengedwe. Ngati inu muchite zowonera chitukuko zachuma, gululi idzachitike mu mwauzimu ndi.

Gawo lalikulu la vutoli

Mbiri ya mavuto azachuma (pamodzi ndi ofufuza yaitali lopambana wasayansi) analola kuonetsetsa kukula kwa aliyense wa mavuto azachuma mayendedwe 4 chachikulu:

• Uphimbika siteji. Izi ndi nyengo za chiyambi cha mavuto. Zimayambitsa chenicheni cha mavuto azachuma kale, koma iwo siali zodziwika bwino. Nthawi ali owala chitukuko cha dziko la kupanga ndi kulemera, amene anafika pachimake.

• Kudzikundikira zotsutsana. Nthawi imeneyi kugwa mu mphamvu chikhalidwe. njira Crisis kuonekere kuti anali imperceptible mu ndime yoyamba.

• Zosakhalitsa ofunika sitepe. Izi ndi tizigona afika Mphukira, ndi wamba mavuto onse zikuluzikulu zachuma. Zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira akhoza kwambiri. Society ali pafupi kupulumuka. Anthu stratified malinga m'mayiko ntchito. Bright magulu awiri a anthu Tingaone. Ena mwakachetechete outstay mavuto chiyembekezo kuti posachedwapa pa, winayo - khama kusintha muyezo wawo wa moyo, kufunafuna njira kunja.

• Kuchira. Ngakhale kuti chuma cha dziko akukumana ndi sichikuyenda, anthu kusinthidwa. Ichi chimakhala predosylkoy olimba makamaka subsystems m'deralo. Pa nthawi imeneyi waukulu kumasulidwa pulogalamu zili kale ndi wokonzeka kukhazikitsa. Ndichiyembekezo anthu umalimba. mphamvu Social bwino.

chikoka US pa mapangidwe mavuto padziko lonse

Mbiri ya mavuto azachuma zasonyeza kuti mawu oipa mu anthuwo zikhoza kukhala zotsatira za mavuto amene anali mu United States. N'zoonekeratu kuti chuma onse a dziko cholukanalukana ndi ndi mfundo mokomera America. Kulemera kwa GDP dziko la pa chuma cha dziko ndi oposa 50%. boma chathandiza kuti pafupifupi 25% ya mafuta ake. Exporting ambiri a dziko limati maganizo ake amakhala pa United States.

Pa mtima za chuma American ndi zovuta chuma, zomwe, mwatsoka, amachititsa ndi mawonekedwe a mavuto azachuma dziko. Mwa njira, mu zaka zapitazi chuma cha boma kuyamba kugwira ntchito kwakukulukulu paokha. Mu nkhani iyi, chuma chachikulu zichokera osati ku mafakitale ndi opanga makampani, ndipo udachita ndi fiddling ndi ndalama. Choncho anapanga mtundu wina wa "ndalama kuwira sopo", kuchuluka kwa zomwe nthawi zambiri voliyumu ya mankhwala opangidwa ndi gawo mafakitale. Pali akatswiri amene amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma si zogwirizana ndi kubweza loona mu United States. Chodabwitsa chinali chabe kutsogolera zomwe zinachititsa kuti asinthe vuto la zachuma.

Kukongoza - sitepe kwa mavuto

Mogwirizana ndi malamulo a chuma msika, kufunika amalenga okwanira. Pankhaniyi, chifukwa cha overproduction mwadongosolo tinapeza kuti pempholo chingayambitse atawalamula kuti adzakhala amachirikiza ndi maofesi ngongole. Pamene Bank anapitiriza kukongoza kwa anthu, mwadongosolo kuchepetsa mitengo awo chidwi ndi kupereka zinthu zabwino kwa mgwirizano, ndalama kulowa manja a anthu insolvent. Misa malipiro kwambiri kutsogolera chakuti makonzedwe chitsimikizo, mu malo Makamaka amayamba kugulitsa. Mwatsoka, kuchuluka okwanira ndi kuchepetsa kufunika sanalole banki kubwerera chuma chawo. Pansi nkhonya wachigunda nchito yomanga, ndi kupanda liquidity amakhala chimayambitsa mavutowo mu ndithu chuma chenicheni.

Ngakhale Kudziwa ngongole, monga chofunika mapangidwe vutoli, zimayambitsa chodabwitsa ndi zotsutsana kwambiri. Impact pa mokhazikika yatsoka zinthu zofanana mu intervals osiyana nthawi zimachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Komanso, aliyense dziko, yodziwika ndi makhalidwe yake payekha chitukuko. Ambiri mwa akatswiri zikugwirizana zochitika cyclical kuchokera sayansi ndi luso chitukuko cha States. The mbali ya likulu thupi okalamba zaka 10-12. Zimenezi zimabweretsa kufunika watsopano ake, kuti ndi chizindikiro sekondale ku chitsitsimutso cha ntchito zachuma. Ntchito ya Kankhani chitukuko cha boma akhoza kuimba oyamba zida zatsopano kupanga ndi chitukuko cha umisiri watsopano umene mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi kukongoza. Maziko onse a mkombero chuma. Monga kupita kwa nthawi, nthawi likulu ukalamba anayamba ndi kuotcha. M'zaka za m'ma 19, nthawi zochepa zaka 10-11 Patapita zaka 7-8. Nkhondo itatha, chiwonetsero cha mavuto zamitundu yonse anayamba kuona pa zaka 4-5.

A pang'ono za mavuto mu mayiko

Pafupifupi dziko lililonse osauka loyang'anizana mavuto. Iwo ali mbali ya patsogolo. Bata ndi imbalances mu chuma chabe limodzi. Pamaso mavuto bizinesi adanyamuka chifukwa cha underproduction, lero zovuta kugwirizana ndi overproduction. Kuyambira mavuto oyamba zachuma anakumana okhala England mpaka kumbuyo 1825. Inali nthawi imeneyi, dziko anayamba kukhala ndi mzimu bizinesi. The mavuto lotsatira kukumana Britain ndi America mu 1836. Kale mu 1847 mavuto kugunda pafupifupi dziko lililonse ku Ulaya. Kuyambira pachiyambi, m'bandakucha loyamba la capitalist kwambiri kuchepa kwa dziko limabweretsa 1857. Great Kuvuta wa zachuma akhoza anati kuchokera mu 1900 mpaka 1903., komanso mu zaka za 1907 ndi 1920. Mmodzi zinali kokha pokonzekera yovuta kwambiri mu mbiri ya dziko. zimayambitsa Chitsanzo cha mavuto azachuma wa 1929-1933 zinachititsa kuti kuchepa m'magulu onse a zachuma padziko lonse. Only mu US zinatha osachepera 109 zikwi makampani. Depression pambuyo mavuto anali protracted. Against uyu sanali mapeto. Patapita zaka 4 masoka, pambuyo yochepa konzanso, iye walowa sakuyendetsa latsopano, bwinobwino nalumpha siteji kuchira. Panthawi imeneyi, buku la mafakitale kupanga lonse anakana ndi oposa 11%. Mu US, chithunzi ichi anafika 21%. Chiwerengero cha magalimoto opangidwa zidagwa 40%. Development ndi aggravation mavuto mawu Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, imene inatenga kuyambira 1939 mpaka 1945. Akamaliza Nkhondo amalembedwa mavuto m'dera zachuma, amene wakumenya osati America komanso ku Canada. Mu US, mafakitale anagwa ndi 18.2%, Canada - pa 12%. M'mayiko Capitalist kudula kupanga mwa 6%.

Yotsatira mavuto padziko lonse sadzakhala kudikira nthawi yaitali. M'mayiko Capitalist anayamba kulimbana ndi zododometsa mu chuma ndi kale mu 1953-1954, ndi 1957-1958. Chimodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri chitukuko cha anthu olemba mbiri yakale amatchula 1973-1975 biennium. Chinthu chapadera nthawi imeneyi nthawi mu mbiriyakale - mkulu mlingo wa kufufuma. ndi mafakitale zofunika kwambiri zinawakhudza. Mavuto bwanji gawo mphamvu, mumaganiza chofunika, kachitidwe ndalama komanso ulimi.