Externalities mu chuma ndi malamulo awo

Lero mwachangu osauka chuma msika latsopano la Russia. Market - izi ndi malo apadera ntchito pamene unagona malonda mukumangidwa pakati pa ogulitsa ndi ogula. Externalities mu chuma msika mbali yofunika kwambiri. Kubverana alimi ndi mapeto ogwiritsa ntchito zochokera limagwirira decentralized a mtengo wa chizindikiro.

ndi externalities chiyani?

Economy - ndi ya maubwenzi kuti kukhala kupanga, kugawa ndi ogula kachitidwe. Externalities mu chuma - ndi zotsatira za wothandizila makamaka amene amasamala za umoyo wa anthu Russia, kotero, asaaonerera pa ntchito za anthu opanga. Zonsezi ayenera kukhala wochezeka ndi chopangidwa malinga ndi mfundo boma.

Pamene externalities zoipa munthu wachitatu, amene sankachita nawo iwowo, kodi amakhala zomvetsa ena. Izi si monga ogula ndi ogulitsa. Zabwino kunja zotsatira - ndi kupeza phindu ndi lachitatu maphwando. Price ndi phindu msika ndi bwino onyamula mudziwe m'munda wa chuma msika. Choncho, msika ophunzira athe kupeza chizindikiro zogwirizana ndi kuchititsa kuchita zinthu mogwirizana. Ngati pali zoyipa pa katundu malonda ntchito Sindizakubweretsanso ndalama sikhala ndi phindu okwana susonyeza zofuna za aliyense. Pankhaniyi, msika mgwirizano sadzakhala mulingo woyenera.

Zimene externalities zoipa ndi zabwino

Bwino ganizilani chikoka zotheka cha mphamvu kunja pa msika mgwirizano umene ulipo, m'pofunika kuti ndandanda enieni a kapezedwe ndi kufunika. Kuuza - kufunitsitsa wogula ndi kulipira mtengo wa katundu. Iye akhoza kusankha osiyanasiyana mungachite kukwaniritsa ogula chidwi. Choncho, kusonyeza payekha phindu lonse mmphepete.

Chifukwa zolowa ogulitsa mwayi kuonetsa ndalama zonse kwa kusanthula ndondomeko kupanga. Externalities mu chuma msika amathandiza kuti tanthauzo la zinthu yosavomerezeka wa lachitatu maphwando, wotchedwa kunja.

Ntchito ya mavuto kunja pa ulimi

kuwonongeka kwa malo kudzivulaza thanzi la munthu. Ndipo woyamba wa zonse taonera zotsatira za makampani chotero monga chuma. A externality zoipa ndi kuti ambiri mafakitale zomera lalikulu machimo zimatulutsa madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito ku mitsinje yapafupi. Iwo anatulutsidwa mu zinkakhalira pa zinthu zoipa monga mpweya. Iye afika mu chilengedwe ndi kungasokoneze thanzi la anthu. Chifukwa cha zinthu zimenezi kwambiri Kukubweretsera masautso zofuna zawo. Anthu a mizinda ndi midzi yaing'ono simungakhoze kusamba mu madzi mumtsinje kapena kupuma mpweya wabwino. malo yomanga ndi matenda ndi kufa Nyama za m'madzi. Mfundo zonsezi ndi zotsatira sali m'gulu la mtengo chomaliza cha mankhwala, amene amapangidwa zomera.

Choncho ndikofunikira kusamalira osati kokha amasokoneza chopangidwa, komanso kuti aziona chilengedwe choyera. Umuna zinthu zoipa m'mlengalenga ndi madzi kumatanthauza zovuta kwambiri.

Lingaliro la externalities mu dziko lamakono

Masiku ano, timakhala msika Tingaone mu kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi unmediated, zimene zimatanthauza zotsatira za wothandizila pa ntchito za ena. Izi ndi zotsatira kunja mu chuma. Tikumbukenso kuti mavuto amenewa kungakhale yabwino kapena zovuta.

Zotsatira kunja anayamba kuganizira chifukwa aliyense amafuna kukhala mu malo oyera. nzika ndikufuna mafakitale ndi mafakitale lalikulu linali pansi pa ulamuliro, chifukwa mpweya akhoza kungasokoneze pa mkhalidwe wonse wa anthu ena.

Externalities mu chuma angathe pakati pa ogula ndi opanga katundu. Chitsanzo cha zotsatira zabwino - ndi kunja kamangidwe ka nyumba kotero kuti ali bwino-anakonzekeretsa ndi wokongola maonekedwe. Odutsa anthu adzatha amasirira wapakamwa ndipo osadandaula kuti ziyambe kukonzedwa. The zoipa ndi nthawi kupanga ndondomeko ya katundu amatenga kuipitsa malo.

Lamulo la zotsatira kunja

Nthawi zina, alipo njira msika Musapereke zinthu zotiyenereza munthu kuti rationally yokutidwa zosoŵa zonse. Pali zinthu pakati pa wogulitsa, wogula ndi Mlengi, amene ankaona wolephera kapena bankirapuse. Pankhaniyi, msika sangathe kulimbana ndi maudindo ake. Pachifukwa ichi, osati kwathunthu anapereka kupanga zabwino. Zotsatira kunja mu chuma ndi malamulo awo ikuchitika mwa kusanthula mokwanira.

Akatswiri kuganizira zotsatira za kusintha mitengo m'madera onse msika ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka zizindikiro buku opangidwa njerwa akhoza kwambiri bwanji yopanga konkire ndi zolowa. Pachifukwa ichi m'pofunika zonse kuwunika zotsatira za zochita zawo. A gulu malonda sayenera kuvutitsa mabizinesi ena ndi ogula.

Amalipiritsa zotsatira kunja

Kuchepa phindu mu msika angayambe choncho kumene kulibe mtengo externalities. Malipiro sakhala ngati msika adzasowe zinthu zenizeni kapena ubwino zimene zinachititsa kuti kukhazikitsa gwero kunja.

A yaikulu komanso yofunika ankaimba ndi externalities amalipiritsa mu chuma. Zitsanzo zosiyana zoopseza. Ngati ulimi wa fakitale pepala amagwiritsa mopanda malire madzi oyera mtsinje, Ngopambana alibe kugula izo. Mapeto sakhala malipiro ntchito chuma. Pa nthawi yomweyo, m'deralo kwa mzinda, asodzi kapena osambira amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito mtsinje pa zofuna zawo. Pankhaniyi, madzi mtsinje amakhala okha ntchito chifukwa alibe mwini, ndipo ayenera kumafika onse. Koma pa fakitale yopanga kwa kupanga pepala Kodi kuganizira zotsatira onse akunja akuwuka kuchokera amasulidwe katundu ndipo chinkhoswe mu buku operewera.

Coase Lingaliro Lovomerezeka

Vuto la externalities mu chuma ndi njira mwambo njira zina. zachuma American ndi womenyera ufulu Ronald Kouz mu 1991 analandira udindo wa Nobel. Iye analemba nkhani yakuti "The vuto la ndalama chikhalidwe". Iwo anali atafotokoza vuto la externalities, yomwe ikukhudzana ogula ndi alimi.

The mavuto kunja nthawi zambiri zidzachitika chitukuko cha mpikisano pakati pa zipani, amene ntchito zachilengedwe. Izi ndi zoona makamaka mu nthawi imene aliyense nkhani ufulu ntchito gwero achilengedwe. Nobel ndi zachuma Ronald Kouz anapeza kuti zotsatira kwina akhoza internalized mwa kupeza katundu ufulu kwa zinthu zenizeni. Kusinthana kwa umwini ufulu wa ndondomeko angathe kuchitidwa mu choncho kumene zikuphatikizapo lalikulu ndalama ndikupeleka. Kudzera njira iyi ikukhudza mbali zonse za ubale, kupeza njira zothandiza.

Mbali za Coase Lingaliro Lovomerezeka

kamba zingapo zazikulu zofunikira:

• pakati pa zipani ndi mtengo mgwirizanowo ayenera kukhala otsika. Ie kuchuluka atathana sichikwiya ndi chimtolo kukwaniritsa zolinga zenizeni za pangano. Awa mavuto, zimene zimatanthauza zikamera wa mpweya, zimakhudza thanzi akukhudzidwira ndi thanzi la anthu. Ndicho chifukwa chake kuli kofunika kuti ophunzira kugwirizana ndi mzake ndi kuthetsa mavuto onse.
• Ntchito ya Coase Lingaliro Lovomerezeka akhoza kukhala kuti pamene aliyense mwini malonda amatha kuzindikira zinthu zonse kuwononga iwo chifukwa kuti anthu owazungulira. Wazamalonda ayenera kukonza zowonongeka paokha mwalamulo, komanso zotsatira zake zonse. Pamene ufulu kuyeretsa mpweya akhala mwalamulo inakhazikitsa, izo zimakhala zovuta kudziwa, amene ntchito kupanga kuphwanya pangano. Externalities mu chuma Russian kudzakuthandizani amalonda kupewa Mpweya umene dzenje ndi asidi mvula mu mlengalenga.

Internalization kunja zotsatira

Kuti amalonda ndi mabungwe malonda kuwayang'anira mpweya onse m'mlengalenga, muyenera internalize zotsatira onse akunja. Internalization ndi kusakanikirana zonse za mwamtheradi mabungwe onse.

Today pali njira chinanso chimene chimathandiza wazamalonda kutsatira malo oyera. The zikuchitika akhoza kukonzedwa mu malamulo, kuti Makampani ndi makampani kulipira ndalama zonse zimene zifunika kubwezeretsa chiyero cha chilengedwe.

Kukonza msonkho amagwira ntchito iliyonse muyezo wa mankhwala kumasulidwa, amene amalola moyenera malire payekha ndalama zonse chikhalidwe. Choncho, tingathe kupanga wazamalonda maganizo oyenera ndalama zonse kunja.