Zinthu zoipa

Tsiku lililonse, anthu ongoyendayenda zikwi yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala. Ambiri za thanzi lawo ndi kuyesa kupeza yankho la funso lakuti: amene ali oopsa ndipo ngati iwo kuyambitsa khansa kapena mavuto ena? Koma tiyenera kuchitira vutoli okha chifukwa cha mmene zotheka pa chilengedwe cha mafakitale woopsawo, ngati pali mavuto kugwirizana ndi zakudya zosayenera, kudzikonda medicate, ndi zinthu zina khalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, edible mchere (chilinganizo NaCl ake) ntchito mu chakudya cha tsiku. Koma iye, malinga ndi malamulo alipo, amatanthauza kalasi III wa ngozi. ethylene A (mankhwala chilinganizo ake ndi C2H4) sichidziwika zoipa mankhwala m'gulu ngozi kalasi IV. Choncho pambuyo onse omwe mfundo monga zinthu zoipa ndi gulu lawo? Kodi iwo amene anaika zikalata?

Mayankho a mafunso amenewa apatsidwa ndi GOST 12.1.007-77 *. Zovulaza zinthu - ndi mankhwala mankhwala amene chifukwa kuyan'anila za amafuna chitetezo zikhoza (by pokhudzana ndi thupi), matenda, matenda a kuntchito kapena kuvulala kuntchito. mavuto onsewa kawirikawiri wapezeka pa ndondomeko ya zotsatira zawo kapena nthawi yaitali moyo, ndipo ngakhale ku mibadwo wotsatira. Komanso waika muyezo (malingana ndi mlingo wa zimakhudza thupi) kwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana ali zipangizo, intermediates, katundu ndi zinyalala mu makalasi onse anayi pa choopsya. Choncho, zinthu zonse zoipa ambiri ndi owopsa kwambiri (I kalasi), zoopsa kwambiri (II kalasi), amtengo woopsawo (III kalasi) kapena otsika ngozi (IV kalasi).

Panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira amapangidwa m'kati kuyerekezera mfundo zenizeni ndi mfundo normative kwa zizindikiro zenizeni. Zikuphatikizapo kukhudzana malire (mpweya wa m'deralo ntchito) ndende zinthu oipa zikutanthauza woopsa mlingo ngati amalowa m'mimba, ndi zikutanthauza woopsa mlingo dermal, pafupifupi woopsa ndende ntchito zone mpweya, ndi koyefishienti wa poyizoni zotheka ndi mabacteria inhalation wa pachimake ndi aakulu zochita. Choncho, ngozi kalasi zinthu zoipa, malinga ndi phindu makonzedwe kuti ntchito gulu la mankhwala woopsawo.

ndi MPC mu mpweya wa malo mafakitale ndi gulu la ngozi zalembedwa mu alumikiza 2 nambala GOST 12.1.005-88 zinthu zoposa 1,300. An kuchuluka zikuluzikulu za nkhani zimene angapezeke mu mfundo za ukhondo GN 2.2.5.1313-03. Imathandiza kuunikila ena mwa mankhwala ndipo Pankhani imeneyi n'kofunika kukumbukira udindo zoipa zosayenera zakudya akamakonda ndi kuopsa kwa fodya (onse udakali kwa osuta chabe). Chifukwa fodya muli zinthu zoipa monga benzopyrene, mpweya monoxide, chikonga, mpweya wakuda ndi ena. Yerekezerani, m'pofunika kuganizira MPC ndi ngozi ena makalasi a mankhwala amene kulowa m'thupi la munthu pamene mukumwa mankhwala ndi chakudya kapena chifukwa cha kusuta:

• benzopyrene - 0,00015 mg / M3, Ine kalasi;
• nicotinamide (vitamini PP) - 1 mg / M3, II kalasi;
• mpweya wakuda - 20 mg / di3, III kalasi;
• mpweya monoxide (mpweya monoxide) - 20 mg / di3, III kalasi;
• sodium kolorayidi (gome mchere) - 5 mg / M3, III kalasi;
• oxalic (ethanedioic) asidi - 5 mg / M3, III kalasi;
• Ethylene - 100 mg / M3, IV kalasi.

Mwachionekere, vitamini PP, mchere ndi asidi oxalic ndi zinthu zoopsa kwambiri kwa anthu kuposa mankhwala mankhwala ethylene, amene amapangidwa opangira lalikulu lonse ndipo akutumikira monga chuma yaiwisi kwa polyethylene (a filimu yopangidwa izo, ma CD ndi zina zothandiza). Kutsindika adzaikidwe pa kuopsa:

1. Ndi kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi. Chitsanzo fanizo - asidi oxalic. MPC kwa Madamu ndi 0.5 mg / dm3. Lili kwambiri mu Beet (0.61%), anyezi wobiriwira (1.48%), parsley (1.70%), sipinachi (0.97%), mbewu yamasamba (0.75%). Choncho, ngati zakudya komanso Beet theka (muzu kulemera 300 g), thupi la munthu afika pa 1 g asidi oxalic. Woopsa mlingo, monga ena deta, amaona 5g ingestion.
2. Ndi kusuta. Pa masekondi sikisi chifukwa matenda chokhudzana ndi kusuta, dziko akufa kwa munthu - ndi deta WHO. Pa nthawi yomweyo anati chiwerengero cha imfa. Kuti pofika mu 2020 chikuyembekezeka ndi ambirimbiri adzakhala pawiri ndi kufika 10 miliyoni. Per chaka.

N'zoonekeratu kuti zinthu zoipa kulowa m'thupi, osati chifukwa sinali bwino zachilengedwe, monga anatsindika pa TV ambiri, komanso chifukwa cha khalidwe zopanda nzeru anthu. Ngakhale mwayi kupeza mfundo zothandiza, anthu adakali musadye, utsi, kumwa mowa kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo. akumvetsa Only kuopsa ndi kuika chakudya chamagulu ndi kuleka zizolowezi zoipa, akhoza kwambiri muchepetse zinthu zoipa m'thupi.