Ndalama National - muyeso wa dziko bwino

Mu macroeconomics pali chinthu monga ndalama dziko. Izi chizindikiro zachuma, omwe amadziwika kuchotsedwa ndalama yaikulu ya anthu onse a m'dzikoli. Pamene chizindikiro ichi kuchita masamu monga Uwerenge osati chifukwa cha ntchito zachuma mmalire a dziko, komanso kunja (anthu ankaona ndalama amene namuka), komanso ndalama analipira m'maboma ena.

ndalama National - Uwerenge malisiti a mayiko choyambirira chimene ali m'gulu lalikulu mankhwala dziko, ndi phindu kuti akhala analandira kuchokera kunja opanda ndalama anaika kunja. chizindikiro ichi akhoza kuphunzira kukhala Uwerenge ndalama zonse (malipiro, malipiro pa magawo, mgwirizano, chidwi pa madipoziti, etc.) Boma kupanga zinthu.

Kaye ndalama national mobisika ndi ntchito yopanga akhala anayambitsa Marxism-Leninism. Pervoprohodchikom, 'tate' wa chizindikiro ichi chinali William Petit - English zachuma. Inakulitsidwa chiphunzitso chake Physiocrats, Adam Smith ndi David Ricardo. Komabe, palibe mmodzi wa iwo analibe mphamvu kuti timvetsetse mfundo monga ndalama dziko. Ichi chidachitika okha Marx. Ndipo Iye adayamba musangoganizira ndalama zigawo zonse za anthu, komanso mtengo kwambiri mankhwala chopangidwa. Marx anali woyamba kuonedwa kuti payokha chinthu choterocho monga mowa, thumba ndi chinthu choterocho monga thumba kudzikundikira. Iye akhaapatisa kufotokoza zonse lililonse chizindikiro, kufotokoza katundu wawo zinchito. ziphunzitso lodziwika bwino za Karl Marx anapitiriza Vladimir Lenin.

Pa nthawi imeneyi, pali kutanthauzira zambiri za kuweruza ndiAmene chachikulu, koma zonse, mapeto, ali ndi tanthauzo lofanana.

ndalama National - kusiyana ukonde mankhwala dziko ndi misonkho zina. Komanso kuno akhoza zimachitika ang'onoang'ono ndi ndalamachi, wosindikiza malonda boma. Mofananamo, atero, ngati ife tione chithunzi ichi monga mankhwala woyera wa kampani lonse kapena phindu kumene analenga. Net Mankhwala National (NNP) - ndi chinkafunika amene amaimira kusiyana kwa aakulu dziko ndalama za dziko, depreciation ndi amortization.

Kuwerengetsa ndalama national angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana. njira kupanga anamugwiritsa ntchito USSR. Pamene anawonjezera linanena bungwe lalikulu la lililonse mafakitale lililonse kupanga zokhudzana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya umwini. Kenako, sitepe yotsatira ndi kuwerengera ndalama zonse zakuthupi ntchito pa ulimi. Ndi Kuchotsera ku linanena bungwe lalikulu la ndalama anapeza ndalama zakuthupi ndi kupeza phindu ankafunila - ndalama dziko. chilinganizo amaoneka ngati izi:

VP - MZ = na-, kumene

VP - aakulu linanena bungwe; MH - mtengo chuma; Na- - ndalama dziko.

Bwinobwino nthambi iliyonse ya ulimi ndi kuwonjezera ziwerengero chifukwa, mungapeze ndalama dziko la dzikolo.

Gross kupanga analenga kwa chaka imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri - kumene analenga kale analenga mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mu fakitale popanga mipando, taganizirani Chalk, zosiyanasiyana zigawo zikuluzikulu zimene zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kupanga mipando. Koma zinthu zimenezi kale n'komwe mu fakitale. Choncho, pamene kuwerengetsa linanena bungwe lalikulu la zotheka awiri ochuluka, omwe si ndalama national (pambuyo ndalama zonse sakuikidwamo).