Cross Marshall: nsonga ya mgwirizano, okwanira ndi kufunika

Mu masiku ano anthu simungakhoze kuchita popanda chidziwitso cha chikhazikitso cha chuma. Ndipo kodi iwo? Maziko a zachuma a kapezedwe ndi kufunika - otchedwa Marshall mtanda. Ndipo ndi mtundu wa chizindikiro cha sayansi. Choncho amakhalamo mwatsatanetsatane.

Alfred Marshall: yochepa mbiri ndi ziphunzitso

Tsogolo odziwika zachuma amene anabadwa mu banja la ku banki mu London. Iye anaphunzira ku Oxford ndipo kenako pa Cambridge. Atamaliza maphunziro Marshall ntchito monga mphunzitsi. Mu 1885 anakhala mkulu wa Dipatimenti ya Economy Political pa Cambridge. Alfred Marshall wakhala kutsatira za ufulu mpikisano m'misika. maganizo zimakhudza malangizo a oimira Agiriki ndi marginalist.

Mtengo waukulu Marshall ndi anakwanitsa tikhale ndi chiphunzitso zachuma monga sayansi Integrated chikhalidwe. Pa moyo wa wasayansi lofalitsidwa zisanu ndi buku "Mfundo za Economics" imene chimaonedwabe ntchito powerenga m'munda. Marshall sanali nawo mkangano kumbali ya ntchito njira masamu mu zachuma ndi otsatira a sayansi "choyera". Komabe, tisaiwale kuti "Mfundo za zachuma" mtsutso lonse wapatsidwa kulalatira yekha, ndi zitsanzo zonse ndi maikwezhoni mu appendices lapansi. A malo apadera chuma maphunziro anatenga chiphunzitso cha okwanira, anthu, ndi msika mgwirizano. Atsopano ndi Cross otchedwa Marshall.

Mfundo ya mgwirizano

Lero, ngakhale wophunzira, sadzachitanso anayamba kuphunzira zachuma, zikuonekeratu kuti mtengo uli woikidwa zochokera okwanira ndi akumufuna. Cross Marshall - ndandanda kuti kuli kovuta kuti kumbukirani. Ndi yosavuta ndi zojambula, zokhotakhota awiri kukumana pa mfundo. Likukhalira "mtanda" kapena "lumo", ntchito zomwe n'zosavuta kuti afotokoze ndondomeko kukhazikitsa mgwirizano mu msika.

Komabe, pang'ono kuposa zaka zana zapitazo izo sikunathandize motero. Woyamba msika mgwirizano pakati okwanira ndi kufunika akufotokozedwa monga Marshall. Iye molondola anafotokoza otsetsereka a pamapindikira ndi mmene angalankhulire. Cross Marshall mu chuma anapanga kusintha kwenikweni. Mtengo msika ndi mgwirizano buku tsiku ali lotanthauzira, ngakhale nzika wamba. Ndipo iwo ali pa mtima chiphunzitso chilichonse. Wasayansi anachitira zambiri chitukuko cha sayansi zachuma. Komabe, cholowa wake akhoza kugawidwa mu magulu anayi: kufunika kuwonjezera, msika mgwirizano ndi kugawa ndalama. Timayamba ndi woyamba.

Chiphunzitso cha kufunika

Marshall akumanga pa njira ziwiri. Kukula mtengo ndi machulukitsidwe wa kufunika wa ogula. Iwo mpata zotengera malingaliridwe khalidwe la ogula kuona cholinga komanso ofuna kumanga mfundo. Marshall anagawa kufunika okwana pa munthuyo. Komanso, anali ndi lingaliro la "mtengo elasticity". Ndipo Marshall anapereka kutanthauzira yamakono ya lingaliro ili ndithu. Iye anapereka kulungamitsidwa masamu a lakuti ngati ankafuna zotanuka.

Komanso, wasayansi anamvera udindo wa mgwirizano mfundo Marshall Cross malinga ndi kutalika kwa nthawi ankaona nthawi. Chuma kuti kusiyana ndi yaifupi, zambiri kusonkhezera atawalamula, ndi yaitali kwambiri, zotsatira maganizo, ndiye mitengo ya zinthu. Marshall anayambitsa maganizo "ogula zotsala" lomwe kenako anayamba kupanga chiphunzitso moyo. Akuimira kusiyana pakati pa mtengo ogula ndi okonzeka kulipira mankhwala, ndipo phindu lake lenileni.

Za kupereka

Cross Marshall amasonyeza khalidwe la ogula komanso alimi. Chiphunzitso amapereka Marshall anapatula mtengo ndalama za ulimi wa leni. The choyamba - malipiro kwa chuma. The chachiwiri - mtengo wa onse kuti ntchito ndondomeko kupanga, kaya izo anagulidwa kwa ndalama kapena katundu wa kampani.

Marshall anafotokoza kuwonjezeka ndi kucheperachepera mmene zinthu mu mlingo waukulu. Iye anawafotokozera mfundo okhazikika, m'mbali ndipo okwana ndalama za ulimi. Chiphunzitso amapereka Marshall anayambitsa nthawi china. Makamaka, iye anati pamapeto pake ndalama atathana kukhala variable.

Pa msika mgwirizano

Pakati pa chiphunzitso cha wasayansi - Cross Marshall. Iye wolungama mtengo monga msika yang'anira. Marshall anamuona pa ndime ndi mphamvu monga okwanira ndi akumufuna. Chosavuta mfundo wasayansi ndi buku mgwirizano, ndiye kuti, ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala komwe kumakwanitsa ogula ndi alimi. Marshall ankanena kuti zinthu kupikisana free, ngati mtengo msika kuposa mgwirizano, kufunika akugwa, ndipo izi zimabweretsa ndalama pansi. Komanso kuwunikira zotsatira za zinthu okhudza malo ndi wathupi. Marshall anatsindika kufunika mbali ya short- ndi yaitali nthawi apatukane. Iye anatsindika kuti Mtsogoleri woyamba amachita kufunika lachiwiri - kupereka.