Russian chikhalidwe mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19 (lalifupi)

Russian chikhalidwe mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19 - zapadera kwambiri pa chitukuko cha zinthu zauzimu komanso makhalidwe a anthu Russian. Ndi chodabwitsa chimene lonse anatenga ndondomeko kulenga, kuya kwa wokhutira ndi kuchuluka. Kwa zaka pafupifupi dera chikhalidwe wauka kwa mlingo watsopano: m'zigawozigawo, polyphonic, wapadera.

ANAKULIRA chiyambi ndi chikhalidwe cha "zaka golide"

Chitukuko cha chikhalidwe Russian mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19 chifukwa cha digiri yapamwamba ya zinthu dziko. maphunziro ovutika anayamba kubwerera pansi Catherine II, linapereka kwa chitukuko cha maphunziro, kutsegula kuchuluka kwa sukulu ndi kuwalimbikitsa zinthu zatsopano.

Anakankhira malire a boma amene panali 165 mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi miyambo yawo ndi malingaliro. Anapitiriza mwambo wa akalambula wake, panyanja latsopano ndi otulukira.

Chirasha French Nkhondo ya 1812 mukopedwe mapangidwe malingaliro dziko lawo, makhalidwe abwino a anthu Russian. Art chikhalidwe cha Russia mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19, chidwi cha chikumbumtima dziko mizu anthu.

Komabe, nkhani zandale m'dziko sanapereke ufulu wonse kukhazikitsa mfundo zonse luso. Kupanduka wa Decembrists ndi ntchito za Poro, zapangitsa mafumu Russian kupewa malowedwe a malingaliro patsogolo mu dera chikhalidwe.

sayansi

Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro ya Education Public anazindikira chikhalidwe cha Russia mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19. Mwachidule kuti angatchedwe okayikira. Pa dzanja limodzi, kutsegula sukulu watsopano, pa zina - kuyamba njira zokhwima kufufuza Mwachitsanzo, anathetsa maphunziro a nzeru. Komanso, mayunivesite ndi sukulu ya galamala anali mosalekeza kuyang'aniridwa okhwima Unduna wa Maphunziro.

Ngakhale zili chomwechi, chikhalidwe Russian mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19 anali yodziwika ndi tumphatumpha kwambiri mu chitukuko cha sayansi.

Biology ndi Medicine

Anapeza kuti chiyambi cha m'ma 19, nkhani ya nyama ndi zomera amafuna rethinking ndi chitukuko cha ziphunzitso zatsopano. Izi kuchita Russian naturalists Km Baer, IA Dvigubsky, IE Dyadkovsky.

Kutolere wachuma wa nyama ndi zomera asonkhanitsa padziko lonse. Ndipo mu 1812 kunali kutsegulidwa kwa Botanical Garden mu Crimea.

A chopereka kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha mankhwala anayambitsa Ni Mapayi. Zikomo ntchito yake chosadzikonda cha dziko atamva kuti opaleshoni asilikali kumunda.

Nthaka ndi zakuthambo

Chiyambireni cha m'ma kudalindira mapiko, ndi nthaka. chitukuko walandira m'mayiko onse Russian.

A kupindula kwambiri anali drafting wa woyamba mapu miyala ya Russia mu 1840. Ndinapemphera ofufuza za sayansi Ni Koksharov.

Zakuthambo adamfunsa mokwanira ndi okhwima zoganiza ndi kuzipenya. Panapita nthawi yambiri. Dongosololi akakambirana kwambiri pamene Observatory Pulkovo unakhazikitsidwa mu 1839.

Masamu ndi Physics

Mu masamu, iwo apeza zinthu lonse. Choncho, Ni Lobachevsky anatchuka kwambiri chifukwa wake "si Euclidean Masamu." PL Chebyshev anatsimikizira chilamulo cha ambiri, ndipo MV Ostrogradsky chinkhoswe mu zimango mawunikidwe ndi lakumwamba.

Zoyambirira za m'ma 19 angatchedwe golide nthawi sayansi, kuyambira woyamba mu atomu wanthambo (Schilling PL), zotsatira akamagwira magetsi kuyatsa zinachitikira (V. Petrov) anatulukira electromotor lisanalengedwe (Lenz ee).

zomangamanga

Art chikhalidwe cha Russia mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19, anakopeka ndithu chidwi anthu. Mbali yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko chinali kusintha mofulumira masitaelo, komanso kuphatikiza awo.

Pa zomangamanga ku 1840s classicism analamulira. Ufumu kalembedwe angapezeke zosiyanasiyana nyumba ya Mitu iwiri, komanso ambiri malo dera, poyamba mzinda zigawo.

Chifukwa nthawi imeneyi amakhala ndi kumanga ensembles mapulani. Mwachitsanzo, Theatre Square Moscow kapena St. Petersburg Senate.

oimira yotchuka ya kalembedwe imeneyi walenga chikhalidwe cha Russia mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19. Zomangamanga anafotokoza mu zolemba AD Zakharova, KI Rossi, Di Gilardi, oi Beauvais.

Ufumu m'malo ndi kalembedwe Chirasha Byzantine, imene Khristu Mpulumutsi Cathedral, amadutsa popita Kosungira Zida (wamanga KA tani) zinamangidwa.

kupenta

Pakuti imeneyi luso amakhala ndi chidwi ndi munthu pafupifupi munthu. Ojambula zithunzi ikuyenda kuchokera miyambo kalembedwe m'Baibulo ndi m'nthano.

Classicism ndi chithunzi ankayimiridwa Karlom Bryullovym, amene zojambula wake anasonyeza ungwazi, ndi ulemerero, ndi ukulu wa anthu wamba. Yotchuka kwambiri ntchito zake - ndi "masiku otsiriza a Pompeii," "Wokwera", "Self-Chithunzicho", etc.

The momvetsa chisoni lalikulu zojambulajambula A. A. Ivanova, woyambitsa wa ntchito yaikulu, "Maonekedwe a Khristu kwa anthu." Pamwamba pa izo, iye anagwira ntchito kwa zaka zoposa 20. Ndipo anafa, konse podziwa chimene chinachitika ku chigonjetso luso kupenta izi.

Chifukwa cha Kuzindikira kuika P. A. Fedotov, amene, ndi mtundu wanyimbo zojambula wake ndi chikhalidwe zili furor m'deralo. Aliyense ankadziwa wake "Mwatsopano cavalier" kapena "chibwenzi Major".

chosema

Russian chikhalidwe mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19 anayamba mchikakamizo cha nkhondo itatha cha 1812 ndi Napoleon. Anakhudzidwa ndi izi, ndi chosema. Wotchuka chipilala kuti Minin ndi Pozharsky, amene amaima pa Red Square, chithunzicho IP Martos sculpted pakati pa nkhondo.

Kukula kwa Russian yaikulu chosema sizikanatheka kukanakhala opanda FF Shchedrin, amene caryatids kukometsera nyumba Admiralty.

Pakati Osema ena otchuka nthawi anali II Terebenev ( "Nkhondo ya Poltava"), VI Demuth-Malinovsky, zina kuti adzipeza Orlowski (chithunzi mngelo pa Alexander ndime), etc.

nyimbo

Ikulu mphamvu ya zozizwitsa zapitazi anakumana chikhalidwe cha Russia mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19. Music kakusintha chikoka cha nyimbo wowerengeka, komanso nkhani dziko. mumaganiza izi kuonetsa sewero la "Ivan Susanin" KA Kavos, mankhwala AA Alyabiev, AE Varlamov.

MI Glinka wotanganidwa pakati penipeni pakati analemba lapansi. Iwo anavomereza mwambo watsopano ndipo anatsegula sikunachitekepo pamaso polemba chinenero ichi. The sewero la "A Moyo kwa Tsar" kwathunthu amasonyeza akamanena za onse zilandiridwenso ndi woimba.

chikhalidwe Russian mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19 wafunsira koma Wolemba wina wanzeru amene anayambitsa mtundu wanyimbo nyimbo ya sewero maganizo. Iwo AS "Mermaid" Dargomyzhsky ndi kuonera sewero lake lalikulu.

zisudzo

Russian Theatre akutsegula chitseko kwa m'maganizo, pafupifupi akusiya zisudzo chachikulu kalembedwe zachikhalidwe. Tsopano panali chogwidwa ndi zolinga chikondi, zomvetsa chisoni chiwembu cha sewerolo.

Imodzi mwa oimira wotchuka chilengedwe ed anali PS Mochalov, amene ankagwira ntchito ya Hamlet ndi Ferdinand (Shakespeare).

Russian wokonzanso a akuchita, MS Shchepkin anachokera serfs. Iye mlanduwu lingaliro zatsopano, imene udindo wake chidwi ndi Moscow Small zisudzo anali kopita otchuka pakati oonerera.

Zosatheka wapamwamba ku bwalo lamasewera zinadza mwa ntchito za AS Pushkin AS Griboyedov.

mabuku

The mavuto zofunika kwambiri chikhalidwe kusonyeza chikhalidwe cha Russia mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19. Literature analimbitsa adzadziwire dziko, kunena za m'mbuyomu mbiri ya dziko. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi ntchito yolenga ya NM Karamzin.

Romanticism mabuku zinakambidwa ndi kanjedza ngati otchuka monga VA Zhukovsky, AI Odoyevski, oyambirira AS Pushkin. Mochedwa siteji ya Pushkin - ndi Kuzindikira. "Boris Godunov", "Mwanawe The Captain wa", "The Mkuwa pamahatchi" alembedwa malangizowo. Komanso Mu Lermontov analenga "Hero Nthawi" imene ili chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha Kuzindikira mabuku.

Tili Kuzindikira chinadzakhala maziko a zilandiridwenso, NV Gogol ( "The chikhoto," "Inspector").

Pakati pa mamembala ena a mabuku zimene zinapangitsa mapangidwe ake, angatchedwe AN Ostrowski, ndi masewero ake modabwitsa ziriri, NDI Turgenev, amene zoyenera kuganizira za mutu wa dziko mudzi ndi chikhalidwe, komanso nkhanza za m'banja Grigorovich.

Literature wapanga chopereka kwambiri kwa chikhalidwe cha Russia. Zoyambirira za m'ma 19 amakhala ndi mapangidwe a chinenero chamakono zolembalemba m'malo chinenero olemera ndi kukongoletsa wa 18 atumwi. Ntchito ya anthu olemba mabuku ndi ndakatulo nthawi imeneyi inali yaikulu ndipo zimakhudza motani pofuna osati Russian, komanso chikhalidwe dziko.

Amene yophatikiza ndi kuonanso ntchito za chitukuko Russian ndi European, chikhalidwe cha Russia mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19 analenga maziko amphamvu za chitukuko yabwino ya sayansi ndi luso m'tsogolo.